{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2110011684","doi":null,"title":"Messages In The Medium: The Relationships Among Black Media Images, Racial Identity, Body Image, And The Racial Socialization Of Black Youth","display_name":"Messages In The Medium: The Relationships Among Black Media Images, Racial Identity, Body Image, And The Racial Socialization Of Black Youth","publication_year":2011,"publication_date":"2011-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2110011684","mag":"2110011684"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.upenn.edu:20.500.14332/30552","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://repository.upenn.edu/handle/20.500.14332/30552","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402083","display_name":"ScholarlyCommons (University of Pennsylvania)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I79576946","host_organization_name":"University of Pennsylvania","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"published","raw_type":"Dissertation/Thesis"},"volume":null,"type":"dissertation","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030156606","display_name":"Valerie N. Adams\u2010Bass","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0209-9564","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0209-9564"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Valerie N. Adams","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0209-9564","affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5030156606"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"5","issue":"1","first_page":"286","last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10652","display_name":"Racial and Ethnic Identity Research","score":0.9868000149726868,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10652","display_name":"Racial and Ethnic Identity Research","score":0.9868000149726868,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10314","display_name":"Social and Intergroup Psychology","score":0.0044999998062849045,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12765","display_name":"Race, History, and American Society","score":0.002400000113993883,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/racial-identity","display_name":"racial identity","score":0.8960000276565552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/racial-socialization","display_name":"racial socialization","score":0.9850000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/body-image","display_name":"body image","score":0.9369999766349792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/self-esteem","display_name":"self-esteem","score":0.9980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/negative-stereotypes","display_name":"negative stereotypes","score":0.6000000238418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/black-youth","display_name":"Black youth","score":0.9179999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/media-exposure","display_name":"media exposure","score":0.6549999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gender-differences","display_name":"gender differences","score":0.7649999856948853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/age-differences","display_name":"age differences","score":0.7519999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coping","display_name":"coping","score":0.41100001335144043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/black-history-month","display_name":"Black History Month","score":0.39399999380111694}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C25032326","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185467","display_name":"Socialization","level":2,"score":0.6983422636985779},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168127410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1754331","display_name":"Stereotype (UML)","level":2,"score":0.6018360257148743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.5790352821350098},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.5647906064987183},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778355321","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17079427","display_name":"Identity (music)","level":2,"score":0.5397518277168274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139838865","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8461","display_name":"Racism","level":2,"score":0.5197389125823975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776845425","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q813952","display_name":"Stereotype threat","level":2,"score":0.4315221905708313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35730967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7279582","display_name":"Racial formation theory","level":3,"score":0.4106065034866333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107993555","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1662673","display_name":"Gender studies","level":1,"score":0.3240129053592682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.19904223084449768},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.upenn.edu:20.500.14332/30552","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://repository.upenn.edu/handle/20.500.14332/30552","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402083","display_name":"ScholarlyCommons (University of Pennsylvania)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I79576946","host_organization_name":"University of Pennsylvania","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"published","raw_type":"Dissertation/Thesis"},{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.upenn.edu:dissertations-10168","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://repository.upenn.edu/dissertations/AAI3463041","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196331","display_name":"Scholarly Commons (University of Pennsylvania)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I79576946","host_organization_name":"University of Pennsylvania","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Dissertations available from ProQuest","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.upenn.edu:edissertations-1411","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/352","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402083","display_name":"ScholarlyCommons (University of Pennsylvania)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I79576946","host_organization_name":"University of Pennsylvania","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Publicly Accessible Penn Dissertations","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"mag:2110011684","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://repository.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=10168&context=dissertations","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764382574","display_name":"The Journal of Pan-African Studies","issn_l":"0888-6601","issn":["0888-6601"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","jufo-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4362724895","host_organization_name":"California Institute of Pan African Studies","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4362724895"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["California Institute of Pan African Studies"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"The Journal of Pan-African Studies","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","score":0.4074000120162964,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10"}],"study_designs":[{"display_name":"Observational Study","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":147,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W10491754","https://openalex.org/W38699002","https://openalex.org/W40427211","https://openalex.org/W185607724","https://openalex.org/W568178827","https://openalex.org/W575347202","https://openalex.org/W605909795","https://openalex.org/W620247899","https://openalex.org/W629178935","https://openalex.org/W629417092","https://openalex.org/W1502867909","https://openalex.org/W1516727791","https://openalex.org/W1540743487","https://openalex.org/W1550621568","https://openalex.org/W1571136830","https://openalex.org/W1582870908","https://openalex.org/W1727645093","https://openalex.org/W1773800164","https://openalex.org/W1839002282","https://openalex.org/W1965508138","https://openalex.org/W1965630806","https://openalex.org/W1966026543","https://openalex.org/W1966294164","https://openalex.org/W1967532827","https://openalex.org/W1968047733","https://openalex.org/W1969915379","https://openalex.org/W1971691892","https://openalex.org/W1974953274","https://openalex.org/W1978360496","https://openalex.org/W1978948342","https://openalex.org/W1980059158","https://openalex.org/W1981442921","https://openalex.org/W1981794055","https://openalex.org/W1982551498","https://openalex.org/W1984441495","https://openalex.org/W1985749666","https://openalex.org/W1987232869","https://openalex.org/W1987336030","https://openalex.org/W1992777844","https://openalex.org/W1994123179","https://openalex.org/W1996097740","https://openalex.org/W1997957407","https://openalex.org/W2002594028","https://openalex.org/W2006015698","https://openalex.org/W2006714263","https://openalex.org/W2019053035","https://openalex.org/W2019511380","https://openalex.org/W2020967152","https://openalex.org/W2024762468","https://openalex.org/W2025394578","https://openalex.org/W2026301265","https://openalex.org/W2030192894","https://openalex.org/W2030527966","https://openalex.org/W2033582029","https://openalex.org/W2034679522","https://openalex.org/W2035547311","https://openalex.org/W2037124948","https://openalex.org/W2039680647","https://openalex.org/W2043450841","https://openalex.org/W2044082383","https://openalex.org/W2044733850","https://openalex.org/W2050205697","https://openalex.org/W2052734387","https://openalex.org/W2053915401","https://openalex.org/W2056236069","https://openalex.org/W2059639235","https://openalex.org/W2060193259","https://openalex.org/W2061980250","https://openalex.org/W2063946311","https://openalex.org/W2065878134","https://openalex.org/W2066979867","https://openalex.org/W2069448001","https://openalex.org/W2070718989","https://openalex.org/W2072761879","https://openalex.org/W2073360717","https://openalex.org/W2075355113","https://openalex.org/W2076238503","https://openalex.org/W2077221371","https://openalex.org/W2077341432","https://openalex.org/W2079795933","https://openalex.org/W2081624806","https://openalex.org/W2083016350","https://openalex.org/W2088010566","https://openalex.org/W2091530744","https://openalex.org/W2094050783","https://openalex.org/W2094208581","https://openalex.org/W2096717237","https://openalex.org/W2097227969","https://openalex.org/W2100895648","https://openalex.org/W2101205717","https://openalex.org/W2102790212","https://openalex.org/W2104591832","https://openalex.org/W2104660530","https://openalex.org/W2105164599","https://openalex.org/W2106966451","https://openalex.org/W2108611241","https://openalex.org/W2110020467","https://openalex.org/W2110351525","https://openalex.org/W2111518915","https://openalex.org/W2111642447","https://openalex.org/W2114748479","https://openalex.org/W2115722335","https://openalex.org/W2116264172","https://openalex.org/W2116808978","https://openalex.org/W2121719169","https://openalex.org/W2122498654","https://openalex.org/W2126893168","https://openalex.org/W2127615810","https://openalex.org/W2130393632","https://openalex.org/W2137575359","https://openalex.org/W2139556854","https://openalex.org/W2139696359","https://openalex.org/W2140376829","https://openalex.org/W2143323987","https://openalex.org/W2144805881","https://openalex.org/W2146200270","https://openalex.org/W2148246442","https://openalex.org/W2155311151","https://openalex.org/W2155498631","https://openalex.org/W2156182217","https://openalex.org/W2159209617","https://openalex.org/W2159490697","https://openalex.org/W2159742183","https://openalex.org/W2160176895","https://openalex.org/W2162347890","https://openalex.org/W2162664406","https://openalex.org/W2163154177","https://openalex.org/W2168066821","https://openalex.org/W2169590268","https://openalex.org/W2169780355","https://openalex.org/W2170271594","https://openalex.org/W2171034540","https://openalex.org/W2244656986","https://openalex.org/W2312259502","https://openalex.org/W2341558114","https://openalex.org/W2341672598","https://openalex.org/W2409106749","https://openalex.org/W2411068050","https://openalex.org/W2479407198","https://openalex.org/W2494894870","https://openalex.org/W2594536666","https://openalex.org/W2600932216","https://openalex.org/W2786907882","https://openalex.org/W2798613742","https://openalex.org/W2981471030","https://openalex.org/W3008227062","https://openalex.org/W3143325420"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7099547866","https://openalex.org/W1553430583","https://openalex.org/W2068461740","https://openalex.org/W4289763603","https://openalex.org/W6908201797","https://openalex.org/W3087852516","https://openalex.org/W2758012686","https://openalex.org/W7120617236","https://openalex.org/W2110303034","https://openalex.org/W1969915379"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Despite":[0],"modest":[1],"research":[2],"relating":[3],"racism":[4],"and":[5,33,63,84,96,116,130,150,165,195,217,243,269,296,306,308,313,341,369,422,433,445],"media":[6,26,55,114,157,200,282,302,323,346,389,420,448],"(Tynes":[7],"&":[8],"Ward,":[9,11],"2009;":[10],"2004),":[12],"how":[13,109],"Black":[14,21,54,70,89,110,113,133,156,169,204,213,222,238,244,264,301,413,434,442,451],"youth":[15,111,183,219,319,443],"interpret":[16,112],"negative":[17,121,210,287,299,344,387,418],"stereotype":[18,122,300,345,388,419],"images":[19,115,303,324,449],"of":[20,29,36,103,143,168,173,182,221,227,298,343,378,417,450],"people":[22,214],"promulgated":[23],"in":[24,75,186,277,280,294,361,398,440],"the":[25,34,49,101,132,141,148,153,174,228],"as":[27,284],"part":[28],"their":[30],"racial":[31,37,57,59,159,161,267,339,394,423,429,431],"identity":[32,268,340,395],"influence":[35,218],"socialization":[38,357,381,432],"experiences":[39],"has":[40,196],"not":[41],"adequately":[42],"been":[43],"explored.":[44],"This":[45,72],"dissertation":[46],"study":[47,73],"examines":[48],"relationships":[50,154,337,363],"among":[51,155,364],"exposure":[52],"to":[53,67,106,128,146,151,198,256,315,334,385,404],"images,":[56,158],"identity,":[58,160,430],"socialization,":[60,162],"body":[61,163,262,411],"image":[62,164,329],"self-esteem":[64,166],"for":[65,288,355],"14-":[66],"21-year":[68,316],"old":[69],"youth.":[71,170,327],"occurred":[74],"two":[76,139],"phases.":[77],"Data":[78],"from":[79,87],"65":[80],"focus":[81,104,175],"group":[82,176],"participants":[83],"survey":[85,144],"data":[86,125,145],"113":[88],"adolescents":[90],"ages":[91],"14-to":[92,310],"21":[93],"was":[94,100,126,140],"collected":[95],"analyzed.":[97],"Phase":[98,138],"one":[99],"administration":[102],"groups":[105],"learn":[107],"about":[108,212],"whether":[117,441],"they":[118,206],"could":[119],"identify":[120,444],"messages.":[123],"The":[124,171,251,426],"used":[127],"develop":[129],"refine":[131],"Media":[134,235,239,245],"Messages":[135],"Questionnaire":[136],"(BMMQ).":[137],"collection":[142],"pilot":[147],"BMMQ":[149,229,252],"examine":[152],"scores":[167],"results":[172],"analyses":[177,359],"suggests,":[178],"although":[179],"this":[180],"generation":[181],"is":[184],"living":[185],"a":[187,231,438],"more":[188,321,383],"culturally":[189],"diverse":[190],"society":[191],"then":[192],"prior":[193],"generations":[194],"access":[197],"multiple":[199],"platforms":[201],"that":[202,208,401],"feature":[203],"people,":[205],"perceive":[207],"persistent":[209],"messages":[211,283,421],"still":[215],"exist":[216],"perspectives":[220],"people.":[223,452],"Confirmatory":[224],"factor":[225],"analysis":[226],"revealed":[230],"3":[232],"scale":[233],"(Black":[234],"Message":[236,240,246],"Belief,":[237],"TV":[241],"Frequency":[242],"Magazine":[247],"Frequency)":[248],"six-factor":[249],"solution.":[250],"factors":[253],"were":[254,331,350,382,402],"found":[255,333,403],"have":[257,335,405],"significant":[258,278,292,336,352,362,406],"correlations":[259],"with":[260,338,408],"age,":[261,365,410],"image,":[263,412],"History":[265,435],"Knowledge,":[266],"racial/ethnic":[270,356],"(R/E)":[271],"socialization.":[272,372],"ANOVA":[273,353],"models":[274],"also":[275,332],"resulted":[276,360,397],"differences":[279,293],"identifying":[281],"positive":[285,322],"or":[286],"females":[289,307],"versus":[290],"males,":[291],"identification":[295],"endorsement":[297,342,416],"between":[304,309],"males":[305],"17-year":[311],"olds":[312],"18":[314],"olds.":[317],"Younger":[318],"identified":[320],"than":[325],"older":[326],"Body":[328],"variables":[330],"images.":[347,390],"Although":[348],"there":[349],"few":[351],"findings":[354,427],"MANOVA":[358],"gender,":[366,409],"R/E":[367,370,379],"coping":[368],"stereotypical":[371,380,447],"Boys":[373],"who":[374],"received":[375],"higher":[376],"amounts":[377],"likely":[384],"endorse":[386,446],"A":[391],"four":[392],"cluster":[393],"solution":[396],"distinct":[399],"profiles":[400],"interactions":[407],"history":[414],"knowledge,":[415],"ideology":[424],"scores.":[425],"suggest":[428],"knowledge":[436],"play":[437],"role":[439]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-13T10:08:12.033832","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}