{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2109841018","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.1994.tb01739.x","title":"OPTIMIZING KNOWLEDGE TESTS FOR INFERRING LEARNING ACQUISITION LEVELS IN SINGLE GROUP TRAINING EVALUATION DESIGNS: THE INTERNAL REFERENCING STRATEGY","display_name":"OPTIMIZING KNOWLEDGE TESTS FOR INFERRING LEARNING ACQUISITION LEVELS IN SINGLE GROUP TRAINING EVALUATION DESIGNS: THE INTERNAL REFERENCING STRATEGY","publication_year":1994,"publication_date":"1994-09-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2109841018","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.1994.tb01739.x","mag":"2109841018"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1111/j.1744-6570.1994.tb01739.x","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.1994.tb01739.x","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.1994.tb01739.x","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S84664706","display_name":"Personnel Psychology","issn_l":"0031-5826","issn":["0031-5826","1744-6570"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","erih-plus","fnege-1-star","jufo-2","ki-jl-2","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Personnel Psychology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037030335","display_name":"Robert R. Haccoun","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I70931966","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al","ror":"https://ror.org/0161xgx34","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I70931966"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"ROBERT R. HACCOUN","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universite\u0301 de Montre\u0301al"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universite\u0301 de Montre\u0301al","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I70931966"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079776671","display_name":"THIERRY HAMTIAUX","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I70931966","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al","ror":"https://ror.org/0161xgx34","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I70931966"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"THIERRY HAMTIAUX","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universite\u0301 de Montre\u0301al"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universite\u0301 de Montre\u0301al","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I70931966"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5037030335"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I70931966"],"apc_list":{"value":3400,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3400},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.466,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":55,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.85905225,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"47","issue":"3","first_page":"593","last_page":"604"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11994","display_name":"Human Resource Development and Performance Evaluation","score":0.9940999746322632,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3202","display_name":"Applied Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11994","display_name":"Human Resource Development and Performance Evaluation","score":0.9940999746322632,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3202","display_name":"Applied Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12010","display_name":"Evaluation and Performance Assessment","score":0.0032999999821186066,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10467","display_name":"Psychometric Methodologies and Testing","score":0.0006000000284984708,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/training-evaluation","display_name":"training evaluation","score":0.9549999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/knowledge-test","display_name":"knowledge test","score":0.5630000233650208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/learning-acquisition","display_name":"learning acquisition","score":0.5149999856948853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/single-group-design","display_name":"single-group design","score":0.625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/training-effectiveness","display_name":"training effectiveness","score":0.7149999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/management-training","display_name":"management training","score":0.6370000243186951}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777211547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17141490","display_name":"Training (meteorology)","level":2,"score":0.6353859305381775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.5688057541847229},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.5571618676185608},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780009758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6804172","display_name":"Measure (data warehouse)","level":2,"score":0.45113807916641235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.44334012269973755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120936955","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2155640","display_name":"Empirical research","level":2,"score":0.4135437607765198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3838514983654022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3648460805416107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3462258577346802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.16544687747955322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.15260088443756104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1111/j.1744-6570.1994.tb01739.x","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.1994.tb01739.x","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.1994.tb01739.x","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S84664706","display_name":"Personnel Psychology","issn_l":"0031-5826","issn":["0031-5826","1744-6570"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","erih-plus","fnege-1-star","jufo-2","ki-jl-2","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Personnel Psychology","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality education","score":0.8278999924659729}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality education","score":0.4000000059604645}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":11,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W23934587","https://openalex.org/W240302486","https://openalex.org/W1551457477","https://openalex.org/W1714029004","https://openalex.org/W1997792990","https://openalex.org/W2085539738","https://openalex.org/W2087501300","https://openalex.org/W2089635163","https://openalex.org/W2145502122","https://openalex.org/W2145703310","https://openalex.org/W2992710504"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1560295499","https://openalex.org/W2145502122","https://openalex.org/W6888916285","https://openalex.org/W2087501300","https://openalex.org/W2728185840","https://openalex.org/W604758744","https://openalex.org/W6903958033","https://openalex.org/W66522856","https://openalex.org/W2997432421","https://openalex.org/W7100366447"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Training":[0],"evaluation":[1,70,85],"is":[2],"a":[3,93,104,132],"process":[4],"designed":[5],"to":[6],"measure":[7],"the":[8,67,97,101,113,124,135],"degree":[9],"of":[10,53,134,140],"trainee":[11,57],"changes":[12],"(on":[13],"learning":[14],"as":[15,17],"well":[16],"on":[18],"other":[19],"dimensions)":[20],"that":[21,72,112,119],"training":[22,54,69,94],"programs":[23],"cause.":[24],"Whereas":[25],"many":[26],"experimental":[27,107],"and":[28,65,137],"correlational":[29],"designs":[30],"permitting":[31],"such":[32],"inferences":[33,98,118],"exist,":[34],"they":[35],"are":[36],"rarely":[37],"used,":[38],"principally":[39],"for":[40,50],"practical":[41],"reasons.":[42],"This":[43],"paper":[44,129],"evaluates":[45],"an":[46],"operationally":[47],"simple":[48],"procedure":[49],"estimating":[51],"effectiveness":[52],"in":[55,92],"improving":[56],"knowledge\u2013the":[58],"Internal":[59],"Referencing":[60],"Strategy":[61],"(IRS).":[62],"It":[63],"identifies":[64],"tests":[66],"implicit":[68],"notion":[71],"training\u2010relevant":[73],"content":[74],"should":[75],"show":[76],"more":[77,105,125],"change":[78],"(pre\u2010post)":[79],"than":[80],"training\u2010irrelevant":[81],"content.":[82],"An":[83],"empirical":[84],"study":[86],"conducted":[87],"with":[88,131],"66":[89],"managers":[90],"enrolled":[91],"course":[95],"compares":[96],"produced":[99],"by":[100,123],"IRS":[102,114],"versus":[103],"traditional":[106],"evaluation.":[108],"The":[109,128],"results":[110],"indicate":[111],"approach":[115],"may":[116],"permit":[117],"mirror":[120],"those":[121],"obtained":[122],"complex":[126],"design.":[127,142],"closes":[130],"discussion":[133],"limits":[136],"possible":[138],"uses":[139],"this":[141]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-10-30T12:39:25.321706","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
