{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2109541217","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1068/a37379","title":"The Distinctive City: Pitfalls in the Pursuit of Differential Advantage","display_name":"The Distinctive City: Pitfalls in the Pursuit of Differential Advantage","publication_year":2008,"publication_date":"2008-11-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2109541217","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1068/a37379","mag":"2109541217"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1068/a37379","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1068/a37379","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1068/a37379","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S87933477","display_name":"Environment and Planning A Economy and Space","issn_l":"0308-518X","issn":["0308-518X","1472-3409"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","fnege-2","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078295341","display_name":"Ivan Nicholas Turok","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5520-2492","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5520-2492"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I7882870","display_name":"University of Glasgow","ror":"https://ror.org/00vtgdb53","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I7882870"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ivan Turok","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Urban Studies, University of Glasgow, 25 Bute Gardens, Glasgow G12 8RS, Scotland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Urban Studies, University of Glasgow, 25 Bute Gardens, Glasgow G12 8RS, Scotland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I7882870"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5078295341"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I7882870"],"apc_list":{"value":3900,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3900},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":45.3891,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":181,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99711735,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"41","issue":"1","first_page":"13","last_page":"30"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11410","display_name":"Cultural Industries and Urban Development","score":0.5659000277519226,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3322","display_name":"Urban Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11410","display_name":"Cultural Industries and Urban Development","score":0.5659000277519226,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3322","display_name":"Urban Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12636","display_name":"Regional Development and Innovation","score":0.1023000031709671,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3303","display_name":"Development"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11014","display_name":"Regional Economics and Spatial Analysis","score":0.08030000329017639,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/urban-distinctiveness","display_name":"urban distinctiveness","score":0.8069999814033508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/differential-advantage","display_name":"differential advantage","score":0.8989999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/city-branding","display_name":"city branding","score":0.5799999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/local-economic-development","display_name":"local economic development","score":0.7480000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/urban-competitiveness","display_name":"urban competitiveness","score":0.5149999856948853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/consumer-identity","display_name":"consumer identity","score":0.8629999756813049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/urban-policy","display_name":"urban policy","score":0.44999998807907104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/british-cities","display_name":"British cities","score":0.5040000081062317}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47385372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7098943","display_name":"Optimal distinctiveness theory","level":2,"score":0.9181175231933594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778701210","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28130034","display_name":"Constructive","level":3,"score":0.7678241729736328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776554220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1760011","display_name":"Prosperity","level":2,"score":0.7542496919631958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779304628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503480","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","level":2,"score":0.6168801784515381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93226319","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193137","display_name":"Differential (mechanical device)","level":2,"score":0.5699113011360168},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182306322","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1779371","display_name":"Order (exchange)","level":2,"score":0.5591939091682434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26271046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187097","display_name":"Economic geography","level":1,"score":0.4246673583984375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.37136638164520264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74363100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q273005","display_name":"Economic system","level":1,"score":0.3699266016483307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.33530813455581665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.3273965120315552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118084267","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26110","display_name":"Positive economics","level":1,"score":0.3208666145801544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.18972155451774597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.1508437693119049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.12913691997528076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.10420423746109009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.09566730260848999},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0694534182548523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1068/a37379","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1068/a37379","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1068/a37379","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S87933477","display_name":"Environment and Planning A Economy and Space","issn_l":"0308-518X","issn":["0308-518X","1472-3409"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","fnege-2","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:pio:envira:v:41:y:2009:i:1:p:13-30","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://www.envplan.com/abstract.cgi?id=a37379","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:sae:envira:v:41:y:2009:i:1:p:13-30","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1068/a37379","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7250000238418579,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"score":0.7900000214576721,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":74,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W21536751","https://openalex.org/W141057302","https://openalex.org/W143596101","https://openalex.org/W337985735","https://openalex.org/W573703171","https://openalex.org/W638112355","https://openalex.org/W757509408","https://openalex.org/W760995997","https://openalex.org/W1484775731","https://openalex.org/W1498115559","https://openalex.org/W1499479468","https://openalex.org/W1513417733","https://openalex.org/W1538467205","https://openalex.org/W1548374432","https://openalex.org/W1561054077","https://openalex.org/W1582741372","https://openalex.org/W1589295482","https://openalex.org/W1590282474","https://openalex.org/W1600577629","https://openalex.org/W1606597877","https://openalex.org/W1964875616","https://openalex.org/W1967076530","https://openalex.org/W1970465826","https://openalex.org/W1975747822","https://openalex.org/W1977695030","https://openalex.org/W1991907145","https://openalex.org/W1996168169","https://openalex.org/W2003041443","https://openalex.org/W2013224154","https://openalex.org/W2013386523","https://openalex.org/W2021546163","https://openalex.org/W2023772629","https://openalex.org/W2028728161","https://openalex.org/W2037388199","https://openalex.org/W2043596702","https://openalex.org/W2061376034","https://openalex.org/W2063970855","https://openalex.org/W2069445947","https://openalex.org/W2076362987","https://openalex.org/W2100986185","https://openalex.org/W2106400865","https://openalex.org/W2117631276","https://openalex.org/W2128188986","https://openalex.org/W2135306552","https://openalex.org/W2139876383","https://openalex.org/W2150606135","https://openalex.org/W2155878982","https://openalex.org/W2162262093","https://openalex.org/W2166109980","https://openalex.org/W2166226631","https://openalex.org/W2170410583","https://openalex.org/W2195822427","https://openalex.org/W2239829377","https://openalex.org/W2277933811","https://openalex.org/W2295656366","https://openalex.org/W2333398935","https://openalex.org/W2347085865","https://openalex.org/W2479446026","https://openalex.org/W2536422002","https://openalex.org/W2625385308","https://openalex.org/W2752710160","https://openalex.org/W2907162830","https://openalex.org/W2939421303","https://openalex.org/W2944307707","https://openalex.org/W2966755844","https://openalex.org/W3111547967","https://openalex.org/W3149395617","https://openalex.org/W4235108962","https://openalex.org/W4238154106","https://openalex.org/W4240497435","https://openalex.org/W4248155856","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W4299953765","https://openalex.org/W4375849300"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1566568674","https://openalex.org/W2128188986","https://openalex.org/W7095849101","https://openalex.org/W7097715124","https://openalex.org/W1021729368","https://openalex.org/W7045371054","https://openalex.org/W2166761213","https://openalex.org/W1606627687","https://openalex.org/W2521542795","https://openalex.org/W2312751464"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"the":[1,29,70,79,93],"face":[2],"of":[3,17,55,78,95,97],"growing":[4],"competitive":[5],"pressures,":[6],"cities":[7,60,65,107],"in":[8,21],"Britain":[9],"and":[10,36,53,88,114],"elsewhere":[11],"have":[12],"been":[13],"exploring":[14],"new":[15],"ways":[16],"promoting":[18],"their":[19,38],"distinctiveness":[20],"order":[22],"to":[23,67,110],"increase":[24],"local":[25],"prosperity.":[26],"I":[27,41,91,99],"analyse":[28],"main":[30],"approaches":[31],"used":[32],"for":[33,48,105],"this":[34],"purpose":[35],"consider":[37],"underlying":[39],"rationale.":[40],"argue":[42],"that":[43,58],"there":[44],"is":[45],"some":[46,102],"justification":[47],"developing":[49],"more":[50,77,112],"specialised":[51],"activities":[52],"sources":[54],"differential":[56],"advantage":[57],"other":[59],"cannot":[61],"reproduce.":[62],"However,":[63],"many":[64],"appear":[66],"be":[68],"pursuing":[69],"same":[71],"policy":[72],"formula":[73],"comprising":[74],"one":[75],"or":[76],"following":[80],"elements:":[81],"nascent":[82],"industries,":[83],"high-level":[84],"occupations,":[85],"signature":[86],"buildings,":[87],"consumer":[89],"identities.":[90],"discuss":[92],"limitations":[94],"each":[96],"these.":[98],"conclude":[100],"with":[101],"constructive":[103],"suggestions":[104],"what":[106],"might":[108],"do":[109],"develop":[111],"original":[113],"distinctive":[115],"advantages.":[116]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":25},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":14}],"updated_date":"2026-10-14T16:39:01.820549","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}