{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2109484304","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/026553229801500304","title":"A latent variable approach to listening and reading: testing factorial invariance across two groups of children in the Korean/English Two-Way Immersion Program","display_name":"A latent variable approach to listening and reading: testing factorial invariance across two groups of children in the Korean/English Two-Way Immersion Program","publication_year":1998,"publication_date":"1998-07-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2109484304","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/026553229801500304","mag":"2109484304"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1177/026553229801500304","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/026553229801500304","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/026553229801500304","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10038439","display_name":"Language Testing","issn_l":"0265-5322","issn":["0265-5322","1477-0946"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","jufo-2","norway-1","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Language Testing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076345677","display_name":"Jungok Bae","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161318765","display_name":"University of California, Los Angeles","ror":"https://ror.org/046rm7j60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jungok Bae","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California, Los Angeles"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California, Los Angeles","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020170687","display_name":"Lyle F. Bachman","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161318765","display_name":"University of California, Los Angeles","ror":"https://ror.org/046rm7j60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Lyle F. Bachman","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California, Los Angeles,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California, Los Angeles,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5020170687"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"],"apc_list":{"value":3900,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3900},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.2274,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":96,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.81461817,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"3","first_page":"380","last_page":"414"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10467","display_name":"Psychometric Methodologies and Testing","score":0.8701000213623047,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10467","display_name":"Psychometric Methodologies and Testing","score":0.8701000213623047,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10021","display_name":"EFL/ESL Teaching and Learning","score":0.0803999975323677,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1203","display_name":"Language and Linguistics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10265","display_name":"Multilingual Education and Policy","score":0.013700000010430813,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3310","display_name":"Linguistics and Language"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/measurement-invariance","display_name":"measurement invariance","score":0.8029999732971191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/listening-comprehension","display_name":"listening comprehension","score":0.6460000276565552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reading-comprehension","display_name":"reading comprehension","score":0.9750000238418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/korean-as-a-second-language","display_name":"Korean as a second language","score":0.8240000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/korean-american-students","display_name":"Korean American students","score":0.7919999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/factor-structure","display_name":"factor structure","score":0.4449999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/latent-variable-modeling","display_name":"latent variable models","score":0.7229999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/test-validity","display_name":"test validity","score":0.546999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/young-children","display_name":"young children","score":0.45100000500679016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/korean-language-proficiency","display_name":"Korean language proficiency","score":0.35899999737739563}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177291462","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q423038","display_name":"Active listening","level":2,"score":0.8871175050735474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.786162257194519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554936623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199657","display_name":"Reading (process)","level":2,"score":0.6249533891677856},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145420912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853077","display_name":"Mathematics education","level":1,"score":0.4881227910518646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777267654","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3519023","display_name":"Test (biology)","level":2,"score":0.48416978120803833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171041071","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36870","display_name":"First language","level":2,"score":0.47297540307044983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138496976","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175002","display_name":"Developmental psychology","level":1,"score":0.3714944124221802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.2584168016910553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46312422","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11024","display_name":"Communication","level":1,"score":0.1880059540271759},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1177/026553229801500304","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/026553229801500304","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/026553229801500304","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10038439","display_name":"Language Testing","issn_l":"0265-5322","issn":["0265-5322","1477-0946"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","jufo-2","norway-1","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Language Testing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"doi:10.1191/026553298676874967","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1191/026553298676874967","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1191/026553298676874967","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10038439","display_name":"Language Testing","issn_l":"0265-5322","issn":["0265-5322","1477-0946"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","jufo-2","norway-1","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Language Testing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.9235000014305115,"display_name":"Quality education"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.9100000262260437,"display_name":"Quality education"}],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study","display_name":"Observational Study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":45,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W572575973","https://openalex.org/W587200296","https://openalex.org/W647681722","https://openalex.org/W1487923672","https://openalex.org/W1550119125","https://openalex.org/W1593633710","https://openalex.org/W1975313571","https://openalex.org/W1977137264","https://openalex.org/W1984492382","https://openalex.org/W1985442257","https://openalex.org/W2005423324","https://openalex.org/W2007887579","https://openalex.org/W2010672956","https://openalex.org/W2018201949","https://openalex.org/W2023332394","https://openalex.org/W2024650319","https://openalex.org/W2032647351","https://openalex.org/W2033155883","https://openalex.org/W2035248295","https://openalex.org/W2041094138","https://openalex.org/W2048211870","https://openalex.org/W2050627910","https://openalex.org/W2056434135","https://openalex.org/W2059197940","https://openalex.org/W2059334100","https://openalex.org/W2065399014","https://openalex.org/W2084663631","https://openalex.org/W2094142183","https://openalex.org/W2127406580","https://openalex.org/W2130099604","https://openalex.org/W2143696525","https://openalex.org/W2149608872","https://openalex.org/W2155952975","https://openalex.org/W2156452366","https://openalex.org/W2163988453","https://openalex.org/W2317982673","https://openalex.org/W2320386680","https://openalex.org/W2795596299","https://openalex.org/W2796766534","https://openalex.org/W2917388694","https://openalex.org/W2956085540","https://openalex.org/W4240971761","https://openalex.org/W4256170606","https://openalex.org/W4298091299","https://openalex.org/W4299927410"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W212558233","https://openalex.org/W2805730584","https://openalex.org/W2031785198","https://openalex.org/W2760888102","https://openalex.org/W4366778104","https://openalex.org/W2622656920","https://openalex.org/W2786887123","https://openalex.org/W4206750265","https://openalex.org/W7097550178","https://openalex.org/W3083105419"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"study":[1,212],"investigated":[2,221],"the":[3,15,44,50,85,88,106,112,115,123,126,130,141,145,152,156,168,171,176,182,222,225],"factorial":[4],"distinctness":[5],"of":[6,17,34,76,109,134,147,198,204,224,238,241,260],"two":[7,21,32,89,107,127,172,226,239],"receptive":[8,90,227],"language":[9,228],"skills,":[10],"reading":[11,79,102,118,137,159,165],"and":[12,14,40,58,78,101,117,122,136,158,164,174,244],"listening,":[13],"equivalence":[16],"factor":[18,184],"structure":[19,27],"across":[20,105,125,140,170],"groups":[22,33,108,188,240],"using":[23,235],"simultaneous":[24,236],"multigroup":[25],"covariance":[26],"analyses.":[28],"The":[29,68,82,211],"subjects":[30],"were":[31,70],"students":[35,57],"from":[36,74],"grades":[37],"two,":[38],"three":[39],"four,":[41],"enrolled":[42],"in":[43,49,80,132,218,230],"Korean/English":[45],"Two-Way":[46],"Immersion":[47],"Program":[48],"Los":[51],"Angeles":[52],"Unified":[53],"School":[54],"District:":[55],"Korean-American":[56],"non-Korean-American":[59],"students,":[60],"all":[61],"learning":[62],"Korean":[63],"as":[64,253],"a":[65,96,196,215,231,247,254],"primary/foreign":[66],"language.":[67],"analyses":[69,237],"based":[71,262],"on":[72,263],"data":[73],"tests":[75],"listening":[77,100,116,135,149,157,163],"Korean.":[81],"results":[83],"indicate":[84],"following:":[86],"1)":[87],"skills":[91,229],"are":[92],"factorially":[93],"separable,":[94],"2)":[95],"two-factor":[97],"model":[98],"with":[99,144,195],"factors":[103,119],"applies":[104],"learners,":[110],"3)":[111],"correlation":[113],"between":[114],"was":[120,167,189,206],"high":[121],"same":[124,169],"groups,":[128,142,173],"4)":[129],"variation":[131],"levels":[133],"proficiency":[138],"differed":[139],"5)":[143],"exception":[146],"one":[148,190],"test":[150,160,177,193],"task,":[151],"degree":[153],"to":[154,249,257],"which":[155,191,205],"tasks":[161],"measured":[162],"ability":[166],"6)":[175],"task":[178],"type":[179],"that":[180,219],"had":[181],"highest":[183],"loadings":[185],"for":[186],"both":[187],"presented":[192],"takers":[194],"set":[197],"passages":[199],"(listening":[200],"or":[201],"reading),":[202],"each":[203],"followed":[207],"by":[208],"comprehension":[209],"questions.":[210],"also":[213,245],"makes":[214],"methodological":[216],"contribution":[217],"it":[220],"nature":[223],"latent":[232],"variable":[233],"framework,":[234],"young":[242],"children,":[243],"demonstrated":[246],"way":[248],"detect":[250],"measurement":[251],"invariance":[252],"critical":[255],"prerequisite":[256],"achieve":[258],"validity":[259],"inferences":[261],"measures.":[264]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":27},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-10-12T09:40:04.860316","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}