{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2109285182","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2190/y78l-h21x-241n-7q02","title":"A Review of Cheating in Fully Asynchronous Online Courses: A Math or Fact-Based Course Perspective","display_name":"A Review of Cheating in Fully Asynchronous Online Courses: A Math or Fact-Based Course Perspective","publication_year":2007,"publication_date":"2007-03-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2109285182","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2190/y78l-h21x-241n-7q02","mag":"2109285182"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.2190/y78l-h21x-241n-7q02","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2190/y78l-h21x-241n-7q02","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2190/y78l-h21x-241n-7q02","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195488530","display_name":"Journal of Educational Technology Systems","issn_l":"0047-2395","issn":["0047-2395","1541-3810"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","erih-plus","jufo-1","norway-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Educational Technology Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078064713","display_name":"Sven Trenholm","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2490-5344","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2490-5344"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79983796","display_name":"Herkimer College","ror":"https://ror.org/03hrye043","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79983796"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Sven Trenholm","raw_affiliation_strings":["Herkimer County Community College"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Herkimer County Community College","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79983796"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5078064713"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79983796"],"apc_list":{"value":3400,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3400},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.5636,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":62,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94594012,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"35","issue":"3","first_page":"281","last_page":"300"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11492","display_name":"Academic integrity and plagiarism","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11492","display_name":"Academic integrity and plagiarism","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10162","display_name":"Online and Blended Learning","score":0.00039999998989515007,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14496","display_name":"Educational Technology and E-Learning","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/academic-integrity","display_name":"academic integrity","score":0.7160000205039978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cheating-behavior","display_name":"cheating","score":0.8299999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/online-cheating","display_name":"online cheating","score":0.5400000214576721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/asynchronous-online-courses","display_name":"asynchronous online courses","score":0.7570000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/assessment-tools","display_name":"assessment instruments","score":0.6909999847412109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/testing-facilities","display_name":"test facility","score":0.6990000009536743}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778024590","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2357432","display_name":"Cheating","level":2,"score":0.7352545857429504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145420912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853077","display_name":"Mathematics education","level":1,"score":0.5823224186897278},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12713177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1900281","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","level":2,"score":0.5538477301597595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.472355455160141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151319957","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q752739","display_name":"Asynchronous communication","level":2,"score":0.4672035574913025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779438500","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q27070331","display_name":"Honor","level":2,"score":0.4577052593231201},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4555346965789795},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.10564646124839783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.2190/y78l-h21x-241n-7q02","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2190/y78l-h21x-241n-7q02","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2190/y78l-h21x-241n-7q02","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195488530","display_name":"Journal of Educational Technology Systems","issn_l":"0047-2395","issn":["0047-2395","1541-3810"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","erih-plus","jufo-1","norway-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Educational Technology Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.456.6455","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.456.6455","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://ww2.coastal.edu/jwinslow/tech/files/readings/cheatingonlinereview.pdf","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality education","score":0.9235000014305115}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality education","score":0.8899999856948853}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":24,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W3407076","https://openalex.org/W25394949","https://openalex.org/W31649134","https://openalex.org/W41370021","https://openalex.org/W136814894","https://openalex.org/W423045535","https://openalex.org/W1241503153","https://openalex.org/W1493327622","https://openalex.org/W1494292754","https://openalex.org/W1541838146","https://openalex.org/W1594644966","https://openalex.org/W1596504104","https://openalex.org/W1974002011","https://openalex.org/W2045354220","https://openalex.org/W2047162224","https://openalex.org/W2054068597","https://openalex.org/W2090958070","https://openalex.org/W2092551602","https://openalex.org/W2153773945","https://openalex.org/W2170869667","https://openalex.org/W2316240880","https://openalex.org/W2773675512","https://openalex.org/W2897696545","https://openalex.org/W2989572259"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2145081447","https://openalex.org/W2916803049","https://openalex.org/W299376361","https://openalex.org/W1573134654","https://openalex.org/W7095957005","https://openalex.org/W206280288","https://openalex.org/W56615381","https://openalex.org/W4386421625","https://openalex.org/W2342295157","https://openalex.org/W806674270"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Un-proctored":[0],"fully":[1,79,104],"asynchronous":[2,105],"1":[3],"online":[4,66,80,106,251,269],"courses":[5,75,107,253,271],"now":[6],"appear":[7],"to":[8,30,33,74,96,123,148,195,218,246,261],"be":[9,124,149],"a":[10,26,78,93,146],"reality":[11],"in":[12,60,77,103,126,152,175,182,250,268],"all":[13],"discipline":[14,129,156],"areas.":[15],"With":[16],"full":[17],"degree":[18],"programs":[19],"being":[20],"offered":[21],"online,":[22],"it":[23],"has":[24],"become":[25],"badge":[27],"of":[28,70,85,100,173,265,275,282],"honor,":[29],"some":[31],"colleges,":[32],"graduate":[34],"students":[35],"that":[36,237],"have":[37,47,145],"never":[38,48],"stepped":[39],"foot":[40],"on":[41,197,220,232],"the":[42,68,98,235,263,273,280],"physical":[43],"college":[44,52],"campus":[45],"nor":[46],"before":[49],"met":[50],"any":[51],"representative,":[53],"faculty,":[54],"or":[55,115],"staff.":[56],"To":[57],"many":[58,189],"involved":[59],"managing,":[61],"teaching,":[62],"and":[63,88,154,188,199,206,209,212,228,256,279,284],"implementing":[64],"these":[65,183],"courses,":[67,120,138,191,214],"idea":[69],"academic":[71,101,248],"integrity":[72,102,249],"related":[73],"taught":[76],"un-proctored":[81],"modality":[82],"is":[83,254],"therefore":[84],"great":[86],"interest":[87],"concern.":[89],"This":[90],"review":[91],"represents":[92],"deliberate":[94],"effort":[95],"distinguish":[97],"issue":[99],"into":[108],"two":[109,184],"categories:":[110],"\u201cWriting-Based\u201d":[111],"(WB)":[112],"vs.":[113],"\u201cMath":[114],"Fact-Based\u201d":[116],"(MFB)":[117],"courses.":[118],"WB":[119],"which":[121,139],"tend":[122,194,217],"subjective":[125],"nature,":[127,153],"include":[128,155],"areas":[130,157,172],"such":[131,158],"as":[132,159,204,225],"English,":[133],"history,":[134],"psychology\u2026":[135],".":[136,166],"MFB":[137,252,270],"emphasize":[140],"calculation":[141,198],"and/or":[142],"factual":[143],"recall,":[144],"tendency":[147],"highly":[150],"objective":[151],"math,":[160],"science,":[161],"business,":[162],"computers,":[163],"medical":[164],"technology\u2026":[165],"While":[167],"there":[168],"are":[169,180,244,259],"certainly":[170],"significant":[171],"overlap":[174],"how":[176],"different":[177],"assessment":[178,201,222],"instruments":[179,202,223],"administered":[181],"categories,":[185],"most":[186,210],"math":[187],"science":[190],"for":[192,215],"instance,":[193],"focus":[196,219],"fact-based":[200],"(such":[203,224],"mid-term":[205],"final":[207],"exams)":[208],"English":[211],"history":[213],"example,":[216],"writing-based":[221],"written":[226],"assignments":[227],"term":[229],"papers).":[230],"Based":[231],"this":[233],"distinction,":[234],"notion":[236],"pedagogical":[238],"mechanisms":[239],"(apart":[240],"from":[241],"proctored":[242,266],"assessments)":[243],"sufficient":[245],"ensure":[247],"questioned":[255],"challenged.":[257],"Recommendations":[258],"given":[260],"advance":[262],"use":[264],"assessments":[267],"through":[272],"creation":[274],"universal":[276],"proctoring":[277],"standards":[278],"expansion":[281],"current":[283],"new":[285],"testing":[286],"center":[287],"networks.":[288]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-16T09:59:22.235173","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}