{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2108908000","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s8084636","title":"Single Photon Avalanche Diodes: Towards the Large Bidimensional Arrays","display_name":"Single Photon Avalanche Diodes: Towards the Large Bidimensional Arrays","publication_year":2008,"publication_date":"2008-08-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2108908000","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s8084636","mag":"2108908000","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27873777","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/3705463"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s8084636","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s8084636","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s8084636","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/8/8/4636/pdf?version=1403308693","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/8/8/4636/pdf?version=1403308693","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108515480","display_name":"Simona Privitera","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39063666","display_name":"University of Catania","ror":"https://ror.org/03a64bh57","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39063666"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210120409","display_name":"Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Laboratori Nazionali del Sud","ror":"https://ror.org/02k1zhm92","country_code":"IT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I160013858","https://openalex.org/I4210120409"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Simona Privitera","raw_affiliation_strings":["DMFCI-Dip. Met. Chim. Fis. Ing. & Dip. di Fisica ed Astronomia, Universit\u00e0 di Catania viale A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, (Italy)","INFN-Laboratori Nazionali del Sud, via Santa Sofia 65, 95125 Catania (Italy)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"DMFCI-Dip. Met. Chim. Fis. Ing. & Dip. di Fisica ed Astronomia, Universit\u00e0 di Catania viale A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, (Italy)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39063666"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"INFN-Laboratori Nazionali del Sud, via Santa Sofia 65, 95125 Catania (Italy)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210120409"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047114965","display_name":"Salvatore S. Tudisco","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9390-9912","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9390-9912"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39063666","display_name":"University of Catania","ror":"https://ror.org/03a64bh57","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39063666"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210120409","display_name":"Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Laboratori Nazionali del Sud","ror":"https://ror.org/02k1zhm92","country_code":"IT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I160013858","https://openalex.org/I4210120409"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Salvatore Tudisco","raw_affiliation_strings":["DMFCI-Dip. Met. Chim. Fis. Ing. & Dip. di Fisica ed Astronomia, Universit\u00e0 di Catania viale A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, (Italy)","INFN-Laboratori Nazionali del Sud, via Santa Sofia 65, 95125 Catania (Italy)"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9390-9912","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"DMFCI-Dip. Met. Chim. Fis. Ing. & Dip. di Fisica ed Astronomia, Universit\u00e0 di Catania viale A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, (Italy)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39063666"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"INFN-Laboratori Nazionali del Sud, via Santa Sofia 65, 95125 Catania (Italy)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210120409"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054509809","display_name":"Luca L. Lanzan\u00f2","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6539-394X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6539-394X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39063666","display_name":"University of Catania","ror":"https://ror.org/03a64bh57","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39063666"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210120409","display_name":"Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Laboratori Nazionali del Sud","ror":"https://ror.org/02k1zhm92","country_code":"IT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I160013858","https://openalex.org/I4210120409"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Luca Lanzan\u00f2","raw_affiliation_strings":["DMFCI-Dip. Met. Chim. Fis. Ing. & Dip. di Fisica ed Astronomia, Universit\u00e0 di Catania viale A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, (Italy)","INFN-Laboratori Nazionali del Sud, via Santa Sofia 65, 95125 Catania (Italy)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"DMFCI-Dip. Met. Chim. Fis. Ing. & Dip. di Fisica ed Astronomia, Universit\u00e0 di Catania viale A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, (Italy)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39063666"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"INFN-Laboratori Nazionali del Sud, via Santa Sofia 65, 95125 Catania (Italy)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210120409"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050000196","display_name":"Francesco Musumeci","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5554-3366","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5554-3366"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39063666","display_name":"University of Catania","ror":"https://ror.org/03a64bh57","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39063666"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210120409","display_name":"Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Laboratori Nazionali del Sud","ror":"https://ror.org/02k1zhm92","country_code":"IT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I160013858","https://openalex.org/I4210120409"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Francesco Musumeci","raw_affiliation_strings":["DMFCI-Dip. Met. Chim. Fis. Ing. & Dip. di Fisica ed Astronomia, Universit\u00e0 di Catania viale A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, (Italy)","INFN-Laboratori Nazionali del Sud, via Santa Sofia 65, 95125 Catania (Italy)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"DMFCI-Dip. Met. Chim. Fis. Ing. & Dip. di Fisica ed Astronomia, Universit\u00e0 di Catania viale A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, (Italy)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39063666"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"INFN-Laboratori Nazionali del Sud, via Santa Sofia 65, 95125 Catania (Italy)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210120409"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032482559","display_name":"Alessandro Pluchino","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9368-5800","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9368-5800"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39063666","display_name":"University of Catania","ror":"https://ror.org/03a64bh57","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39063666"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alessandro Pluchino","raw_affiliation_strings":["DMFCI-Dip. Met. Chim. Fis. Ing. & Dip. di Fisica ed Astronomia, Universit\u00e0 di Catania viale A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, (Italy)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"DMFCI-Dip. Met. Chim. Fis. Ing. & Dip. di Fisica ed Astronomia, Universit\u00e0 di Catania viale A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, (Italy)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39063666"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019354946","display_name":"Agata Scordino","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5012-1754","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5012-1754"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39063666","display_name":"University of Catania","ror":"https://ror.org/03a64bh57","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39063666"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210120409","display_name":"Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Laboratori Nazionali del Sud","ror":"https://ror.org/02k1zhm92","country_code":"IT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I160013858","https://openalex.org/I4210120409"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Agata Scordino","raw_affiliation_strings":["DMFCI-Dip. Met. Chim. Fis. Ing. & Dip. di Fisica ed Astronomia, Universit\u00e0 di Catania viale A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, (Italy)","INFN-Laboratori Nazionali del Sud, via Santa Sofia 65, 95125 Catania (Italy)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"DMFCI-Dip. Met. Chim. Fis. Ing. & Dip. di Fisica ed Astronomia, Universit\u00e0 di Catania viale A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, (Italy)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39063666"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"INFN-Laboratori Nazionali del Sud, via Santa Sofia 65, 95125 Catania (Italy)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210120409"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068476353","display_name":"Angelo Campisi","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210120409","display_name":"Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Laboratori Nazionali del Sud","ror":"https://ror.org/02k1zhm92","country_code":"IT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I160013858","https://openalex.org/I4210120409"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Angelo Campisi","raw_affiliation_strings":["INFN-Laboratori Nazionali del Sud, via Santa Sofia 65, 95125 Catania (Italy)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"INFN-Laboratori Nazionali del Sud, via Santa Sofia 65, 95125 Catania (Italy)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210120409"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037643569","display_name":"Luigi Cosentino","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8033-454X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8033-454X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210120409","display_name":"Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Laboratori Nazionali del Sud","ror":"https://ror.org/02k1zhm92","country_code":"IT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I160013858","https://openalex.org/I4210120409"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Luigi Cosentino","raw_affiliation_strings":["INFN-Laboratori Nazionali del Sud, via Santa Sofia 65, 95125 Catania (Italy)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"INFN-Laboratori Nazionali del Sud, via Santa Sofia 65, 95125 Catania (Italy)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210120409"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040085478","display_name":"P. Finocchiaro","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7502-2229","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7502-2229"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210120409","display_name":"Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Laboratori Nazionali del Sud","ror":"https://ror.org/02k1zhm92","country_code":"IT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I160013858","https://openalex.org/I4210120409"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Paolo Finocchiaro","raw_affiliation_strings":["INFN-Laboratori Nazionali del Sud, via Santa Sofia 65, 95125 Catania (Italy)"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7502-2229","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"INFN-Laboratori Nazionali del Sud, via Santa Sofia 65, 95125 Catania (Italy)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210120409"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039442596","display_name":"Giovanni Condorelli","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210154781","display_name":"STMicroelectronics (Italy)","ror":"https://ror.org/053bqv655","country_code":"IT","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I131827901","https://openalex.org/I4210154781"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Giovanni Condorelli","raw_affiliation_strings":["R&D, ST-Microelectronics, Stradale Primosole 50, 95100 Catania (Italy)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"R&D, ST-Microelectronics, Stradale Primosole 50, 95100 Catania (Italy)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210154781"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038369205","display_name":"Massimo Cataldo Mazzillo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7680-5452","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7680-5452"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210154781","display_name":"STMicroelectronics (Italy)","ror":"https://ror.org/053bqv655","country_code":"IT","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I131827901","https://openalex.org/I4210154781"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Massimo Mazzillo","raw_affiliation_strings":["R&D, ST-Microelectronics, Stradale Primosole 50, 95100 Catania (Italy)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"R&D, ST-Microelectronics, Stradale Primosole 50, 95100 Catania (Italy)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210154781"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103540695","display_name":"Salvo Lombardo","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165120","display_name":"Institute for Microelectronics and Microsystems","ror":"https://ror.org/05vk2g845","country_code":"IT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210155236","https://openalex.org/I4210165120"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Salvo Lombardo","raw_affiliation_strings":["IMM-CNR, Stradale Primosole 50, 95100 Catania (Italy)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IMM-CNR, Stradale Primosole 50, 95100 Catania (Italy)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165120"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031990029","display_name":"Emilio Sciacca","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165120","display_name":"Institute for Microelectronics and Microsystems","ror":"https://ror.org/05vk2g845","country_code":"IT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210155236","https://openalex.org/I4210165120"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Emilio Sciacca","raw_affiliation_strings":["IMM-CNR, Stradale Primosole 50, 95100 Catania (Italy)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IMM-CNR, Stradale Primosole 50, 95100 Catania (Italy)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165120"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5047114965"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39063666","https://openalex.org/I4210120409"],"apc_list":{"value":2600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3137},"apc_paid":{"value":2600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3137},"fwci":4.4064,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":22,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9487832,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":87,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":"8","first_page":"4636","last_page":"4655"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12153","display_name":"Advanced Optical Sensing Technologies","score":0.7968999743461609,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3105","display_name":"Instrumentation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12153","display_name":"Advanced Optical Sensing Technologies","score":0.7968999743461609,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3105","display_name":"Instrumentation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11637","display_name":"Advanced Semiconductor Detectors and Materials","score":0.06449999660253525,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11216","display_name":"Radiation Detection and Scintillator Technologies","score":0.052000001072883606,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3108","display_name":"Radiation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/single-photon-avalanche-diode","display_name":"single-photon avalanche diodes","score":0.9980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spad-arrays","display_name":"SPAD arrays","score":0.8700000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/single-photon-detection","display_name":"single-photon detection","score":0.8159999847412109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dark-current-noise","display_name":"dark noise","score":0.8980000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/afterpulsing","display_name":"afterpulsing","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/timing-resolution","display_name":"timing resolution","score":0.9980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/device-integration","display_name":"device integration","score":0.5059999823570251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bioimaging","display_name":"bioimaging","score":0.7049999833106995}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C20788544","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q467054","display_name":"Photonics","level":2,"score":0.724540114402771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95341827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175898","display_name":"Avalanche diode","level":4,"score":0.6229504346847534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159317903","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3198","display_name":"Photon","level":2,"score":0.6177024841308594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78434282","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11656","display_name":"Diode","level":2,"score":0.6118608713150024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49040817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193091","display_name":"Optoelectronics","level":1,"score":0.6086174249649048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109679912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175932","display_name":"Avalanche photodiode","level":3,"score":0.5719370245933533},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94915269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1834857","display_name":"Detector","level":2,"score":0.5536646246910095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C193361668","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7523761","display_name":"Single-photon avalanche diode","level":4,"score":0.5424926280975342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21200559","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7451068","display_name":"Sensitivity (control systems)","level":2,"score":0.5307835340499878},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99498987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2210247","display_name":"Noise (video)","level":3,"score":0.4765206575393677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.4197993874549866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.40117311477661133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.34352216124534607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.3327562212944031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.27114540338516235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.23553979396820068},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.21385106444358826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.06543236970901489},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119321828","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1267190","display_name":"Breakdown voltage","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":6,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s8084636","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s8084636","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s8084636","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/8/8/4636/pdf?version=1403308693","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:2701131","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://europepmc.org/articles/PMC3705463","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:3705463","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/3705463","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:27873777","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27873777","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.409.9155","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.409.9155","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/8/8/4636/pdf/","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:36810203aeac45a0a71ccf1e2008da2c","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/36810203aeac45a0a71ccf1e2008da2c","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 8, Iss 8, Pp 4636-4655 (2008)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s8084636","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s8084636","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s8084636","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/8/8/4636/pdf?version=1403308693","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2108908000.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2108908000.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":29,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1636940949","https://openalex.org/W1830358034","https://openalex.org/W1967455223","https://openalex.org/W1975496472","https://openalex.org/W1997749999","https://openalex.org/W2013482589","https://openalex.org/W2014630753","https://openalex.org/W2019230763","https://openalex.org/W2025396449","https://openalex.org/W2026098432","https://openalex.org/W2040355223","https://openalex.org/W2049606753","https://openalex.org/W2054078053","https://openalex.org/W2064372627","https://openalex.org/W2078773862","https://openalex.org/W2087470127","https://openalex.org/W2088420649","https://openalex.org/W2099364304","https://openalex.org/W2101076664","https://openalex.org/W2108314163","https://openalex.org/W2112876374","https://openalex.org/W2123355768","https://openalex.org/W2131795787","https://openalex.org/W2135902446","https://openalex.org/W2146880595","https://openalex.org/W2154275478","https://openalex.org/W2157442258","https://openalex.org/W2159384426","https://openalex.org/W2176964945"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1982718654","https://openalex.org/W1986310780","https://openalex.org/W2093572776","https://openalex.org/W2043474845","https://openalex.org/W2056836354","https://openalex.org/W2015553682","https://openalex.org/W4283755011","https://openalex.org/W2973538687","https://openalex.org/W4242550230","https://openalex.org/W4386337044"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Single":[0,80],"photon":[1,76,81],"detection":[2],"is":[3],"one":[4],"of":[5,10,17,67,70,74,89],"the":[6,15,27,90,101,108],"most":[7],"challenging":[8],"goals":[9],"photonics.":[11],"In":[12,59],"recent":[13],"years,":[14],"study":[16],"ultra-fast":[18],"and/or":[19],"low-intensity":[20],"phenomena":[21],"has":[22,35],"received":[23],"renewed":[24],"attention":[25],"from":[26,104],"academic":[28],"and":[29,55,65,86,107],"industrial":[30],"communities.":[31],"Intense":[32],"research":[33],"activity":[34],"been":[36,94,113],"focused":[37],"on":[38,48],"bio-imaging":[39],"applications,":[40],"bio-luminescence,":[41],"bio-scattering":[42],"methods,":[43],"and,":[44],"more":[45],"in":[46,96],"general,":[47],"several":[49,97],"applications":[50],"requiring":[51],"high":[52,56],"speed":[53],"operation":[54],"timing":[57,87],"resolution.":[58],"this":[60],"paper":[61],"we":[62],"present":[63],"design":[64],"characterization":[66],"bi-dimensional":[68],"arrays":[69],"a":[71],"next":[72],"generation":[73],"single":[75,91],"avalanche":[77],"diodes":[78],"(SPADs).":[79],"sensitivity,":[82],"dark":[83],"noise,":[84],"afterpulsing":[85],"resolution":[88],"SPAD":[92],"have":[93,111],"examined":[95],"experimental":[98],"conditions.":[99],"Moreover,":[100],"effects":[102],"arising":[103],"their":[105],"integration":[106],"readout":[109],"mode":[110],"also":[112],"deeply":[114],"investigated.":[115]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
