{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2108788150","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1515/iral.2005.43.4.259","title":"Introduction: Ultimate attainment and the critical period hypothesis for second language acquisition","display_name":"Introduction: Ultimate attainment and the critical period hypothesis for second language acquisition","publication_year":2005,"publication_date":"2005-11-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2108788150","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1515/iral.2005.43.4.259","mag":"2108788150"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1515/iral.2005.43.4.259","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1515/iral.2005.43.4.259","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1515/iral.2005.43.4.259","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764731898","display_name":"IRAL - International Review of Applied Linguistics in Language Teaching","issn_l":"0019-042X","issn":["0019-042X","1613-4141"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","cwts-core","erih-plus","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310313990","host_organization_name":"De Gruyter","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310313990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["De Gruyter"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IRAL - International Review of Applied Linguistics in Language Teaching","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/2066/42768","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044792165","display_name":"Theo Bongaerts","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2411-1963","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2411-1963"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Theo Bongaerts","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5044792165"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2712},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":37,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"43","issue":"4","first_page":"259","last_page":"267"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10021","display_name":"EFL/ESL Teaching and Learning","score":0.9682999849319458,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1203","display_name":"Language and Linguistics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10021","display_name":"EFL/ESL Teaching and Learning","score":0.9682999849319458,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1203","display_name":"Language and Linguistics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11587","display_name":"Second Language Acquisition and Learning","score":0.009700000286102295,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10730","display_name":"Language Development and Disorders","score":0.006800000090152025,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/critical-period-hypothesis","display_name":"critical period hypothesis","score":0.9210000038146973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ultimate-attainment","display_name":"ultimate attainment","score":0.8690000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/second-language-acquisition","display_name":"second language acquisition","score":0.8240000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/age-effects","display_name":"age effects","score":0.9100000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neuroplasticity","display_name":"neuroplasticity","score":0.953000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/brain-maturation","display_name":"brain maturation","score":0.9670000076293945}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781291010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178580","display_name":"Period (music)","level":2,"score":0.7606268525123596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170350167","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1455178","display_name":"Second-language acquisition","level":2,"score":0.6302434206008911},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.5745502710342407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74672266","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q815859","display_name":"Language acquisition","level":2,"score":0.5133447051048279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C85884249","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7514754","display_name":"Silent period","level":4,"score":0.4514642059803009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.4224555492401123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.3554997444152832},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138496976","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175002","display_name":"Developmental psychology","level":1,"score":0.32258349657058716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145420912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853077","display_name":"Mathematics education","level":1,"score":0.1927093267440796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.05487245321273804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107038049","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q35986","display_name":"Aesthetics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778581513","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q263962","display_name":"Transcranial magnetic stimulation","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24998067","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4114622","display_name":"Stimulation","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1515/iral.2005.43.4.259","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1515/iral.2005.43.4.259","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1515/iral.2005.43.4.259","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764731898","display_name":"IRAL - International Review of Applied Linguistics in Language Teaching","issn_l":"0019-042X","issn":["0019-042X","1613-4141"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","cwts-core","erih-plus","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310313990","host_organization_name":"De Gruyter","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310313990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["De Gruyter"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IRAL - International Review of Applied Linguistics in Language Teaching","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:ru:oai:repository.ubn.ru.nl:2066/42768","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/2066/42768","pdf_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/2066/42768","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401067","display_name":"Radboud Repository (Radboud University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I145872427","host_organization_name":"Radboud University Nijmegen","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145872427"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"International Review of Applied Linguistics in Language Teaching, 43, 259 - 267","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.ubn.ru.nl:2066/42768","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/2066/42768","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401067","display_name":"Radboud Repository (Radboud University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I145872427","host_organization_name":"Radboud University Nijmegen","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145872427"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"International Review of Applied Linguistics in Language Teaching, 43, 4, pp. 259-267","raw_type":"Article / Letter to editor"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:ru:oai:repository.ubn.ru.nl:2066/42768","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/2066/42768","pdf_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/2066/42768","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401067","display_name":"Radboud Repository (Radboud University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I145872427","host_organization_name":"Radboud University Nijmegen","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145872427"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"International Review of Applied Linguistics in Language Teaching, 43, 259 - 267","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2108788150.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2108788150.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":12,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1049766","https://openalex.org/W1499624037","https://openalex.org/W2018033822","https://openalex.org/W2034658764","https://openalex.org/W2072168252","https://openalex.org/W2084401000","https://openalex.org/W2113743848","https://openalex.org/W2165076144","https://openalex.org/W2166754847","https://openalex.org/W2901006559","https://openalex.org/W4234596218","https://openalex.org/W4299413070"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2118907198","https://openalex.org/W7099237921","https://openalex.org/W2734950984","https://openalex.org/W3030330274","https://openalex.org/W4226252492","https://openalex.org/W2777192913","https://openalex.org/W3105396623","https://openalex.org/W7161014131","https://openalex.org/W2157102621","https://openalex.org/W4388283425"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"1.":[0],"Preliminaries":[1],"For":[2],"several":[3],"decades":[4],"the":[5,17,41,70,74,80,157],"topic":[6],"of":[7,19,29,43,57,73,146,169],"age":[8,97,110,139],"effects":[9],"on":[10,16],"ultimate":[11],"attainment":[12],"has":[13],"been":[14],"high":[15],"agenda":[18],"many":[20,100],"second":[21],"language":[22,63],"acquisition":[23],"researchers.":[24],"A":[25],"first":[26],"major":[27],"evaluation":[28],"research":[30],"in":[31,90,99,159],"this":[32],"area":[33],"was":[34],"published":[35],"by":[36,96],"Long":[37,65,152],"(1990),":[38],"who":[39],"summarized":[40],"findings":[42,72],"studies":[44,75],"conducted":[45,76],"since":[46],"Penfield":[47],"and":[48,51,102,128],"Roberts":[49],"(1959)":[50],"Lenneberg":[52],"(1967)":[53],"developed":[54],"their":[55],"versions":[56],"a":[58,147],"critical":[59,148],"period":[60,149],"hypothesis":[61],"for":[62,135,150],"acquisition.":[64],"(1990:":[66,153],"280)":[67,154],"argued":[68],"that":[69,82,156],"combined":[71],"to":[77,85,94,103,132,163,173],"date":[78],"warranted":[79],"conclusion":[81],"The":[83],"ability":[84],"attain":[86],"native-like":[87],"phonological":[88],"abilities":[89,160],"an":[91],"SL":[92],"begins":[93],"decline":[95,158],"6":[98],"individuals":[101],"be":[104,118,133],"beyond":[105],"anyone":[106],"beginning":[107,137],"later":[108],"than":[109],"12,":[111],"no":[112],"matter":[113],"how":[114,120],"motivated":[115],"they":[116,123],"might":[117,124],"or":[119],"much":[121],"opportunity":[122],"have.":[125],"Native-like":[126],"morphology":[127],"syntax":[129],"only":[130],"seem":[131],"possible":[134],"those":[136],"before":[138],"15.":[140],"In":[141],"line":[142],"with":[143],"most":[144],"proponents":[145],"SLA,":[151],"posited":[155],"is":[161],"due":[162,172],"incremental":[164],"(and":[165],"presumably":[166],"irreversible)":[167],"losses":[168],"neural":[170],"plasticity":[171],"brain":[174],"maturation.":[175]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":8}],"updated_date":"2026-10-19T09:35:57.686232","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
