{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2108736173","doi":null,"title":"Active Risk Estimation","display_name":"Active Risk Estimation","publication_year":2010,"publication_date":"2010-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2108736173","mag":"2108736173"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.170.2447","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.170.2447","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.icml2010.org/papers/285.pdf","raw_type":"text"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019635432","display_name":"Christoph Sawade","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I176453806","display_name":"University of Potsdam","ror":"https://ror.org/03bnmw459","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I176453806"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christoph Sawade","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Potsdam, Department of Computer Science, August-Bebel-Strasse 89, 14482 Potsdam, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Potsdam, Department of Computer Science, August-Bebel-Strasse 89, 14482 Potsdam, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I176453806"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023752093","display_name":"Niels Landwehr","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5019-7620","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5019-7620"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I176453806","display_name":"University of Potsdam","ror":"https://ror.org/03bnmw459","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I176453806"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Niels Landwehr","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Potsdam, Department of Computer Science, August-Bebel-Strasse 89, 14482 Potsdam, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Potsdam, Department of Computer Science, August-Bebel-Strasse 89, 14482 Potsdam, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I176453806"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064852448","display_name":"Steffen Bickel","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Steffen Bickel","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nokia gate5 GmbH, Invalidenstrasse 117, 10115 Berlin, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nokia gate5 GmbH, Invalidenstrasse 117, 10115 Berlin, Germany","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007427935","display_name":"Tobias Scheffer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4405-7925","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4405-7925"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I176453806","display_name":"University of Potsdam","ror":"https://ror.org/03bnmw459","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I176453806"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tobias Scheffer","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Potsdam, Department of Computer Science, August-Bebel-Strasse 89, 14482 Potsdam, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Potsdam, Department of Computer Science, August-Bebel-Strasse 89, 14482 Potsdam, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I176453806"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.4364,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":39,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9569507,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12072","display_name":"Machine Learning and Algorithms","score":0.9955999851226807,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12072","display_name":"Machine Learning and Algorithms","score":0.9955999851226807,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12535","display_name":"Machine Learning and Data Classification","score":0.0013000000035390258,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11307","display_name":"Domain Adaptation and Few-Shot Learning","score":0.0007999999797903001,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/active-learning-machine-learning","display_name":"active learning (machine learning)","score":0.7990000247955322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/risk-estimation","display_name":"risk estimation","score":0.5370000004768372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sampling-distribution","display_name":"sampling distribution","score":0.6589999794960022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/confidence-intervals","display_name":"confidence intervals","score":0.734000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/estimation-error","display_name":"estimation error","score":0.5899999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/label-acquisition-cost","display_name":"label acquisition cost","score":0.4869999885559082}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185429906","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1130160","display_name":"Estimator","level":2,"score":0.7167707085609436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96250715","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q965330","display_name":"Estimation","level":2,"score":0.5851337909698486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5385687351226807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140779682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210868","display_name":"Sampling (signal processing)","level":3,"score":0.5018417835235596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.47141075134277344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44249647","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208498","display_name":"Confidence interval","level":2,"score":0.4638547897338867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167723999","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3773214","display_name":"Sampling distribution","level":2,"score":0.4379197359085083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110121322","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q865811","display_name":"Distribution (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4181654751300812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.3260830342769623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.2640954554080963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.094686359167099},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106131492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3072260","display_name":"Filter (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.170.2447","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.170.2447","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.icml2010.org/papers/285.pdf","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":13,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1496357020","https://openalex.org/W1883186006","https://openalex.org/W2014208555","https://openalex.org/W2034368206","https://openalex.org/W2069739265","https://openalex.org/W2076118331","https://openalex.org/W2085989833","https://openalex.org/W2109033052","https://openalex.org/W2114338449","https://openalex.org/W2137061486","https://openalex.org/W2161767008","https://openalex.org/W2167595980","https://openalex.org/W3215037115"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4410640337","https://openalex.org/W7167884209","https://openalex.org/W2128511958","https://openalex.org/W2618438111","https://openalex.org/W2149782135","https://openalex.org/W7096729147","https://openalex.org/W7017193919","https://openalex.org/W4396780592","https://openalex.org/W3134428469","https://openalex.org/W4283709378"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0,47,75,111],"address":[1],"the":[2,6,34,43,77,82,86,96,101,105,117,135],"problem":[3,18],"of":[4,8,66,85,100],"evaluating":[5],"risk":[7,24,50,88,119,127],"a":[9,60,64,125],"given":[10],"model":[11],"accurately":[12],"at":[13],"minimal":[14],"labeling":[15],"costs.":[16],"This":[17],"occurs":[19],"in":[20,22,53],"situations":[21],"which":[23,54,116],"estimates":[25],"cannot":[26],"be":[27],"obtained":[28],"from":[29,63,95,134],"held-out":[30],"training":[31,35],"data,":[32],"because":[33],"data":[36],"are":[37,56,73],"unavailable":[38],"or":[39],"do":[40],"not":[41],"reflect":[42],"desired":[44],"test":[45,68,136],"distribution.":[46,137],"study":[48,113],"active":[49,87,118],"estimation":[51,83],"processes":[52],"instances":[55,69,94,133],"actively":[57],"selected":[58],"by":[59],"sampling":[61,78],"process":[62],"pool":[65],"unlabeled":[67],"and":[70],"their":[71],"labels":[72],"queried.":[74],"derive":[76],"distribution":[79,102],"that":[80,103,129],"minimizes":[81],"error":[84],"estimator":[89,106],"when":[90],"used":[91],"to":[92,108],"select":[93],"pool.":[97],"An":[98],"analysis":[99],"governs":[104],"leads":[107],"confidence":[109],"intervals.":[110],"empirically":[112],"conditions":[114],"under":[115],"estimate":[120,128],"is":[121],"more":[122],"accurate":[123],"than":[124],"standard":[126],"draws":[130],"equally":[131],"many":[132],"1.":[138]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":7}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}