{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2108624388","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1540-6229.00626","title":"Bank Capital and the Credit Crunch: The Roles of Risk\u2010Weighted and Unweighted Capital Regulations","display_name":"Bank Capital and the Credit Crunch: The Roles of Risk\u2010Weighted and Unweighted Capital Regulations","publication_year":1994,"publication_date":"1994-03-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2108624388","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1540-6229.00626","mag":"2108624388"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1111/1540-6229.00626","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1540-6229.00626","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1540-6229.00626","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S129086836","display_name":"Real Estate Economics","issn_l":"1080-8620","issn":["1080-8620","1540-6229"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","fnege-3","jufo-2","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Real Estate Economics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055807404","display_name":"Diana Hancock","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-9496-3266","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0005-9496-3266"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802905149","display_name":"Federal Reserve Board of Governors","ror":"https://ror.org/00v448643","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1317239608","https://openalex.org/I2802905149"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Diana Hancock","raw_affiliation_strings":["Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, Mail Stop 188, Washington, D.C. 20551"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, Mail Stop 188, Washington, D.C. 20551","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802905149"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"James A. Wilcox","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95457486","display_name":"University of California, Berkeley","ror":"https://ror.org/01an7q238","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"James A. Wilcox","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":3400,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3400},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":10.3656,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":208,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97988423,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"22","issue":"1","first_page":"59","last_page":"94"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10127","display_name":"Banking stability, regulation, efficiency","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2003","display_name":"Finance"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10127","display_name":"Banking stability, regulation, efficiency","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2003","display_name":"Finance"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14154","display_name":"finance, banking, and market dynamics","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2003","display_name":"Finance"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11496","display_name":"Credit Risk and Financial Regulations","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2003","display_name":"Finance"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bank-capital","display_name":"bank capital","score":0.9309999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/credit-crunch","display_name":"credit crunch","score":0.9399999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/risk-weighted-capital","display_name":"risk-weighted capital","score":0.9120000004768372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/capital-shortfall","display_name":"capital shortfall","score":0.7269999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bank-lending","display_name":"bank lending","score":0.6869999766349792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bank-asset-allocation","display_name":"bank asset allocation","score":0.5540000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/securities-holdings","display_name":"securities holdings","score":0.578000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/commercial-real-estate-lending","display_name":"commercial real estate lending","score":0.8130000233650208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/loan-delinquency","display_name":"loan delinquency","score":0.8100000023841858}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2864544","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2914988","display_name":"Capital requirement","level":3,"score":0.6986573934555054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16969640","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1070805","display_name":"Capital adequacy ratio","level":3,"score":0.6173909902572632},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57495647","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q295385","display_name":"Economic capital","level":3,"score":0.5031997561454773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.49962306022644043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180879305","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q590998","display_name":"Credit crunch","level":2,"score":0.49815917015075684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83646750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193893","display_name":"Capital (architecture)","level":2,"score":0.4776141345500946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178350159","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162714","display_name":"Credit risk","level":2,"score":0.4626714885234833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73283319","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1416617","display_name":"Financial system","level":1,"score":0.45569223165512085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.3980654776096344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C556758197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q580018","display_name":"Monetary economics","level":1,"score":0.38840755820274353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.35034412145614624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175444787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39072","display_name":"Microeconomics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29122968","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1414816","display_name":"Incentive","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C181622380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26911","display_name":"Profit (economics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1111/1540-6229.00626","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1540-6229.00626","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1540-6229.00626","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S129086836","display_name":"Real Estate Economics","issn_l":"1080-8620","issn":["1080-8620","1540-6229"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","fnege-3","jufo-2","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Real Estate Economics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:bla:reesec:v:22:y:1994:i:1:p:59-94","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/1540-6229.00626","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","score":0.4699999988079071}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":16,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1526679541","https://openalex.org/W1557067664","https://openalex.org/W1575793027","https://openalex.org/W1969057730","https://openalex.org/W1990739992","https://openalex.org/W1996462079","https://openalex.org/W2010917876","https://openalex.org/W2031341836","https://openalex.org/W2101591076","https://openalex.org/W2108818539","https://openalex.org/W2136887523","https://openalex.org/W2142052054","https://openalex.org/W2319969310","https://openalex.org/W4206037142","https://openalex.org/W4298860279","https://openalex.org/W6633378823"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2253521958","https://openalex.org/W2949181855","https://openalex.org/W1532926223","https://openalex.org/W4391581856","https://openalex.org/W4375851556","https://openalex.org/W1488963616","https://openalex.org/W1996462079","https://openalex.org/W2614839308","https://openalex.org/W2008500779","https://openalex.org/W7203460884"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0,48,146],"investigated":[1],"whether":[2],"in":[3,22,121,162,181,193,195],"recent":[4],"years":[5],"banks":[6,157,186,198],"have":[7,84,99],"increased":[8],"their":[9,17,27],"holdings":[10,18,178,190],"of":[11,16,19,26,66,137,151,166,179,191],"securities":[12],"at":[13,154],"the":[14,67,79,127,141],"expense":[15],"business":[20],"loans":[21,169,180,192],"response":[23],"to":[24,30,36,83,98,126,140,188],"shortfalls":[25,124,136,153],"capital":[28,32,38,63,69,75,129,138,152],"relative":[29,35,125,139],"risk\u2010weighted":[31,80,142],"standards":[33],"and":[34,94,97,110,112],"a":[37,61,122,163,167],"standard":[39,81,130,143],"that":[40,50,60,72,176,182],"made":[41],"no":[42,148],"explicit":[43],"allowance":[44],"for":[45,57],"credit":[46,52],"risk.":[47],"estimated":[49],"bank":[51,133,159],"fell":[53,64],"by":[54,78],"about":[55],"$4.50":[56],"each":[58],"$1":[59],"bank's":[62,168,177],"short":[65],"unweighted":[68,128],"standard.":[70],"Banks":[71],"had":[73,171],"less":[74],"than":[76],"required":[77],"appear":[82],"shifted":[85,100],"away":[86],"from":[87],"assets":[88,102],"with":[89,103],"low":[90],"risk":[91,105],"weights":[92,106],"(securities":[93],"single\u2010family":[95],"mortgages)":[96],"toward":[101],"higher":[104,201],"(commercial":[107],"real":[108],"estate":[109],"commercial":[111],"industrial":[113],"loans).":[114],"When":[115],"we":[116],"included":[117],"both":[118],"shortfall":[119],"variables":[120],"regression,":[123],"significantly":[131,172],"affected":[132],"credit,":[134],"while":[135],"did":[144],"not.":[145],"found":[147],"significant":[149],"effects":[150,174],"other,":[155],"local\u2010competitor":[156,197],"on":[158,175],"portfolios.":[160],"Delinquencies":[161],"given":[164],"category":[165],"generally":[170],"negative":[173],"category.":[183],"In":[184],"contrast,":[185],"tended":[187],"increase":[189],"categories":[194],"which":[196],"were":[199],"experiencing":[200],"delinquency":[202],"rates.":[203]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":27},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":8}],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}