{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2108611202","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.874258","title":"Regional Trade Arrangements in Africa: Past Performance and the Way Forward","display_name":"Regional Trade Arrangements in Africa: Past Performance and the Way Forward","publication_year":2005,"publication_date":"2005-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2108611202","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.874258","mag":"2108611202"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.2139/ssrn.874258","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.874258","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.874258","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172589","display_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","issn_l":"1556-5068","issn":["1556-5068"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1318003438","host_organization_name":"RELX Group (Netherlands)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1318003438"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.874258","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067357531","display_name":"Yongzheng Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9416-218X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9416-218X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1310145890","display_name":"International Monetary Fund","ror":"https://ror.org/05m4rmw09","country_code":"US","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1310145890"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yongzheng Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["International Monetary Fund (IMF) - African Department, 1700 19th Street, NW, Washington, DC 20431, United States","International Monetary Fund (IMF) - African Department"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"International Monetary Fund (IMF) - African Department, 1700 19th Street, NW, Washington, DC 20431, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1310145890"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"International Monetary Fund (IMF) - African Department","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1310145890"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Sanjeev Gupta","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1310145890","display_name":"International Monetary Fund","ror":"https://ror.org/05m4rmw09","country_code":"US","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1310145890"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sanjeev Gupta","raw_affiliation_strings":["International Monetary Fund (IMF) - Fiscal Affairs Department, 700 19th Street, NW, Washington, DC 20431, United States","International Monetary Fund (IMF) - Fiscal Affairs Department"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"International Monetary Fund (IMF) - Fiscal Affairs Department, 700 19th Street, NW, Washington, DC 20431, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1310145890"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"International Monetary Fund (IMF) - Fiscal Affairs Department","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1310145890"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5067357531"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1310145890"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":43,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10128","display_name":"Global trade and economics","score":0.9911999702453613,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2000","display_name":"General Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10128","display_name":"Global trade and economics","score":0.9911999702453613,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2000","display_name":"General Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14429","display_name":"Global Political and Social Dynamics","score":0.0017999999690800905,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14349","display_name":"Global Political and Economic Relations","score":0.0010000000474974513,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/regional-trade-agreements","display_name":"regional trade agreements","score":0.8980000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/africa","display_name":"Africa","score":0.7139999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trade-liberalization","display_name":"trade liberalization","score":0.8090000152587891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/foreign-direct-investment","display_name":"foreign direct investment","score":0.9800000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trade-barriers","display_name":"trade barriers","score":0.7260000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resource-complementarity","display_name":"resource complementarity","score":0.9169999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intraregional-trade","display_name":"intra-regional trade","score":0.890999972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transport-infrastructure","display_name":"transport infrastructure","score":0.753000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trade-facilitation","display_name":"trade facilitation","score":0.8949999809265137}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155202549","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178803","display_name":"International trade","level":1,"score":0.4703291356563568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.4494037330150604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18547055","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47417","display_name":"International economics","level":1,"score":0.35792601108551025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26271046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187097","display_name":"Economic geography","level":1,"score":0.35400766134262085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.32006770372390747}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.2139/ssrn.874258","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.874258","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.874258","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172589","display_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","issn_l":"1556-5068","issn":["1556-5068"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1318003438","host_organization_name":"RELX Group (Netherlands)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1318003438"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.2139/ssrn.874258","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.874258","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.874258","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172589","display_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","issn_l":"1556-5068","issn":["1556-5068"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1318003438","host_organization_name":"RELX Group (Netherlands)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1318003438"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":0.7207000255584717,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"},{"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","score":0.4000000059604645,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":44,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W176305869","https://openalex.org/W594179134","https://openalex.org/W815648095","https://openalex.org/W1513495801","https://openalex.org/W1525983106","https://openalex.org/W1530659496","https://openalex.org/W1552337411","https://openalex.org/W1563204323","https://openalex.org/W1569969845","https://openalex.org/W1574946700","https://openalex.org/W1596520173","https://openalex.org/W1598397064","https://openalex.org/W1682393131","https://openalex.org/W1775363673","https://openalex.org/W1967673529","https://openalex.org/W1982807384","https://openalex.org/W1992109042","https://openalex.org/W1997870848","https://openalex.org/W2004400742","https://openalex.org/W2035879880","https://openalex.org/W2048251004","https://openalex.org/W2049925102","https://openalex.org/W2074979867","https://openalex.org/W2086045076","https://openalex.org/W2091494595","https://openalex.org/W2100364530","https://openalex.org/W2101961762","https://openalex.org/W2116226625","https://openalex.org/W2116326882","https://openalex.org/W2117193863","https://openalex.org/W2128783243","https://openalex.org/W2147665305","https://openalex.org/W2153896993","https://openalex.org/W2159825891","https://openalex.org/W2325072161","https://openalex.org/W2499075393","https://openalex.org/W2588728401","https://openalex.org/W3121271159","https://openalex.org/W3121991889","https://openalex.org/W3122998159","https://openalex.org/W3123226585","https://openalex.org/W3125261133","https://openalex.org/W3125724830","https://openalex.org/W3125988798"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2954614293","https://openalex.org/W7097072710","https://openalex.org/W3101849870","https://openalex.org/W2149575007","https://openalex.org/W7168082653","https://openalex.org/W7168106682","https://openalex.org/W3176141785","https://openalex.org/W7168104087","https://openalex.org/W4399625917","https://openalex.org/W3157773881"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-09-29T14:09:16.559479","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}