{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2108554136","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/106002809603000702","title":"Multiple-Dose Pharmacokinetics of Pentoxifylline and its Metabolites during Renal Insufficiency","display_name":"Multiple-Dose Pharmacokinetics of Pentoxifylline and its Metabolites during Renal Insufficiency","publication_year":1996,"publication_date":"1996-07-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2108554136","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/106002809603000702","mag":"2108554136","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8826548"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1177/106002809603000702","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/106002809603000702","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/106002809603000702","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S113426163","display_name":"Annals of Pharmacotherapy","issn_l":"0012-6578","issn":["0012-6578","1060-0280","1542-6270"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Annals of Pharmacotherapy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042328753","display_name":"Christopher M. Paap","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I921990950","display_name":"University of Colorado Denver","ror":"https://ror.org/02hh7en24","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I921990950"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Christopher M Paap","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Pharmacy, University of Colorado, Denver 80262, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Pharmacy, University of Colorado, Denver 80262, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I921990950"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Karon S Simpson","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Karon S Simpson","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056994552","display_name":"Michael W. Horton","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michael W Horton","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083111275","display_name":"Karen L Schaefer","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Karen L Schaefer","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044666072","display_name":"Howard B. Lassman","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Howard B Lassman","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034922033","display_name":"Marshall R. Sack","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marshall R Sack","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5042328753"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I921990950"],"apc_list":{"value":4400,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4400},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.2557,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":23,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.50187735,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"30","issue":"7-8","first_page":"724","last_page":"729"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10375","display_name":"Pharmacogenetics and Drug Metabolism","score":0.7904999852180481,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3004","display_name":"Pharmacology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/30","display_name":"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10375","display_name":"Pharmacogenetics and Drug Metabolism","score":0.7904999852180481,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3004","display_name":"Pharmacology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/30","display_name":"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11036","display_name":"Antibiotics Pharmacokinetics and Efficacy","score":0.10670000314712524,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2736","display_name":"Pharmacology (medical)"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12547","display_name":"Pharmaceutical studies and practices","score":0.027499999850988388,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2735","display_name":"Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pentoxifylline","display_name":"pentoxifylline","score":0.9950000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/renal-dysfunction","display_name":"renal dysfunction","score":0.7369999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kidney-failure","display_name":"renal failure","score":0.7699999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multiple-dose-pharmacokinetics","display_name":"multiple-dose pharmacokinetics","score":0.843999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dosing-regimen","display_name":"dosing regimen","score":0.5049999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/drug-accumulation","display_name":"drug accumulation","score":0.5400000214576721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/creatinine-clearance","display_name":"creatinine clearance","score":0.7699999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/oral-administration","display_name":"oral administration","score":0.39399999380111694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dose-adjustment","display_name":"dose adjustment","score":0.46399998664855957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/drug-excretion-in-urine","display_name":"drug excretion in urine","score":0.48899999260902405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/drug-safety-in-kidney-disease","display_name":"drug safety in kidney disease","score":0.5149999856948853}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112705442","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q323936","display_name":"Pharmacokinetics","level":2,"score":0.7612959146499634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.6971315145492554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87813604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1242899","display_name":"Crossover study","level":4,"score":0.593902587890625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159641895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q108377937","display_name":"Renal function","level":2,"score":0.5476247072219849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777477808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q407595","display_name":"Metabolite","level":2,"score":0.5371454954147339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126894567","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q105650","display_name":"Urology","level":1,"score":0.5044101476669312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76318530","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16833590","display_name":"Area under the curve","level":2,"score":0.49846673011779785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40222840","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185049","display_name":"Geometric mean","level":2,"score":0.49419596791267395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.48642659187316895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780306776","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q426660","display_name":"Creatinine","level":2,"score":0.46619027853012085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780026642","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40924","display_name":"Urine","level":2,"score":0.432179719209671},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780404050","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q416331","display_name":"Pentoxifylline","level":2,"score":0.4240003824234009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.3974541425704956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.07841604948043823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99454951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932068","display_name":"Environmental health","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27081682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q269829","display_name":"Placebo","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204787440","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188504","display_name":"Alternative medicine","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000284","descriptor_name":"Administration, Oral","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000368","descriptor_name":"Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004305","descriptor_name":"Dose-Response Relationship, Drug","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008875","descriptor_name":"Middle Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010431","descriptor_name":"Pentoxifylline","qualifier_ui":"Q000008","qualifier_name":"administration & dosage","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010431","descriptor_name":"Pentoxifylline","qualifier_ui":"Q000378","qualifier_name":"metabolism","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D010431","descriptor_name":"Pentoxifylline","qualifier_ui":"Q000493","qualifier_name":"pharmacokinetics","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D018592","descriptor_name":"Cross-Over Studies","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D051437","descriptor_name":"Renal Insufficiency","qualifier_ui":"Q000378","qualifier_name":"metabolism","is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1177/106002809603000702","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/106002809603000702","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/106002809603000702","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S113426163","display_name":"Annals of Pharmacotherapy","issn_l":"0012-6578","issn":["0012-6578","1060-0280","1542-6270"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Annals of Pharmacotherapy","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:8826548","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8826548","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Annals of pharmacotherapy","raw_type":"Clinical Trial"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.885.9024","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.885.9024","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://aop.sagepub.com/content/30/7-8/724.full.pdf","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":1.0,"display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/clinical-trial","display_name":"Clinical Trial"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":7,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W113534645","https://openalex.org/W160339418","https://openalex.org/W2024456541","https://openalex.org/W2065722033","https://openalex.org/W2093065055","https://openalex.org/W2141508271","https://openalex.org/W2321738746"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W113534645","https://openalex.org/W1943841898","https://openalex.org/W4243043073","https://openalex.org/W2124896739","https://openalex.org/W2065722033","https://openalex.org/W1984277171","https://openalex.org/W2136347921","https://openalex.org/W2054974320","https://openalex.org/W1993930219","https://openalex.org/W2100928211"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"OBJECTIVE:":[0],"To":[1],"characterize":[2],"pentoxifylline":[3],"(PTF)":[4],"and":[5,14,70,93,117,125,151,165,172,193,197,212,217,221,247,256,285,290,312,334],"metabolite":[6],"disposition":[7],"after":[8,282],"multiple":[9,283],"oral":[10],"doses":[11],"given":[12,100],"two":[13],"three":[15],"times":[16],"a":[17,105],"day":[18],"to":[19,142,239,302],"patients":[20,296,307],"with":[21,40,104,177,252,259,266,297,308],"renal":[22,41,224,254,268,298,310,317],"dysfunction.":[23,269],"DESIGN:":[24],"An":[25],"open-label,":[26],"randomized,":[27],"crossover,":[28],"parallel":[29],"group":[30,51,61,71],"design.":[31],"SETTING:":[32],"Community-based":[33],"clinical":[34,323],"research":[35],"center.":[36],"PATIENT":[37],"POPULATIONS:":[38],"Subjects":[39],"function":[42,225,255],"stratified":[43],"based":[44],"on":[45,90,101,113],"24-hour":[46],"urinary":[47],"creatine":[48],"clearance":[49],"(Clcr):":[50],"I":[52],"=":[53,59,63,68,73,79],"Clcr":[54,64,74],">":[55],"80":[56],"mL/min":[57,66,77],"(n":[58,67,78],"9);":[60],"II":[62],"30-80":[65],"6);":[69],"III":[72],"<":[75,183,228],"30":[76],"10).":[80],"METHODS:":[81],"PTF":[82,124,189,279,333],"400":[83,94,303],"mg":[84,95,304],"bid":[85,96,240,284,305],"or":[86,97,280],"tid":[87,98,238,286],"was":[88,99],"administered":[89],"days":[91,102,114],"1-7":[92],"14-20":[103],"1-week":[106],"washout.":[107],"Timed":[108],"blood":[109],"samples":[110,120],"were":[111,121,161,175,199,208],"taken":[112],"1,":[115],"7,":[116],"20.":[118],"Blood":[119],"analyzed":[122],"for":[123,230,250,306,315],"its":[126,335],"metabolites":[127,336],"(M-I,":[128],"M-IV,":[129],"M-V)":[130],"by":[131,163],"gas-liquid":[132],"chromatography.":[133],"MAIN":[134],"OUTCOME":[135],"MEASURES:":[136],"Maximum":[137],"plasma":[138,148,155],"concentrations":[139],"(Cmax),":[140],"time":[141],"maximum":[143],"concentration":[144,149],"(tmax),":[145],"average":[146],"steady-state":[147,159],"(CavgSS),":[150],"area":[152],"under":[153],"the":[154,204,328],"concentration-time":[156],"curve":[157],"at":[158,181],"(AUCSS)":[160],"determined":[162],"visual":[164],"model":[166],"independent":[167],"methods.":[168],"ANOVA,":[169],"paired":[170],"t-test,":[171],"linear":[173],"regression":[174],"used":[176],"significance":[178],"level":[179],"set":[180],"p":[182],"0.05.":[184],"RESULTS:":[185],"The":[186],"ratio":[187],"of":[188,278,332],"AUCSS":[190,195,218],"(tid):AUCSS":[191],"(bid)":[192],"M-I":[194,281],"(bid":[196],"tid)":[198],"not":[200,263,274],"significantly":[201],"different":[202],"between":[203,223],"groups.":[205],"Significant":[206],"differences":[207],"found":[209],"in":[210,234,242,245,257,264,295],"M-IV":[211,246,289],"M-V":[213,248,291],"Cmax,":[214],"AUCSS,":[215],"CavgSS,":[216],"ratios":[219],"(M-IV:PTF":[220],"M-V:PTF)":[222],"groups":[226],"(p":[227],"0.05":[229],"all).":[231],"A":[232],"change":[233],"dosage":[235],"regimen":[236],"from":[237],"resulted":[241],"significant":[243,276,293],"changes":[244],"CavgSS":[249],"subjects":[251,265],"normal":[253],"those":[258],"moderate":[260,309],"dysfunction,":[261],"although":[262],"severe":[267,316],"CONCLUSIONS:":[270],"Renal":[271],"dysfunction":[272],"did":[273],"cause":[275],"accumulations":[277],"dosing,":[287],"however,":[288],"had":[292],"accumulation":[294],"impairment.":[299],"Dosage":[300],"reduction":[301],"impairment":[311],"200-400":[313],"mg/d":[314],"impairment,":[318],"as":[319,321],"well":[320],"close":[322],"monitoring,":[324],"seem":[325],"prudent":[326],"until":[327],"complex":[329],"pharmacologic":[330],"interactions":[331],"can":[337],"be":[338],"further":[339],"delineated.":[340]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}