{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2108220464","doi":null,"title":"Explaining Job Polarizationin Europe: The Roles of Technology,Globalization and Institutions","display_name":"Explaining Job Polarizationin Europe: The Roles of Technology,Globalization and Institutions","publication_year":2011,"publication_date":"2011-06-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2108220464","mag":"2108220464"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"mag:2108220464","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://cep.lse.ac.uk/pubs/download/dp1026.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","raw_type":null},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108772693","display_name":"Maarten Goos","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-5715-1964","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0001-5715-1964"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Maarten Goos","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087092499","display_name":"Alan Manning","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7884-3580","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7884-3580","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5389-0524"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alan Manning","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7884-3580","affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110447170","display_name":"Anna Salomons","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-3242-3366","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0003-3242-3366"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anna Salomons","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":60,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10208","display_name":"Labor market dynamics and wage inequality","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10208","display_name":"Labor market dynamics and wage inequality","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10128","display_name":"Global trade and economics","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2000","display_name":"General Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11742","display_name":"Economic Theory and Policy","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2000","display_name":"General Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/job-polarization","display_name":"job polarization","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/employment-structure","display_name":"employment structure","score":0.8690000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/routinization","display_name":"routinization","score":0.7590000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/offshoring","display_name":"offshoring","score":0.8080000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/globalization","display_name":"globalization","score":0.8420000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/technology","display_name":"technology","score":0.5230000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wage-setting-institutions","display_name":"wage-setting institutions","score":0.9269999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/product-demand","display_name":"product demand","score":0.843999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/european-labour-market","display_name":"European labour market","score":0.5720000267028809}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39302471","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9051832","display_name":"Offshoring","level":3,"score":0.8044189810752869},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2119116","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7181","display_name":"Globalization","level":2,"score":0.7868353128433228},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205049153","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2698605","display_name":"Polarization (electrochemistry)","level":2,"score":0.6083227396011353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145236788","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28161","display_name":"Labour economics","level":1,"score":0.5783581733703613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777388388","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6821213","display_name":"Wage","level":2,"score":0.5490465760231018},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.5405219793319702},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992540694","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41171","display_name":"Job creation","level":2,"score":0.4749962091445923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779739803","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2355320","display_name":"Labor demand","level":3,"score":0.46673569083213806},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90673727","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901718","display_name":"Product (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.43989962339401245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123336316","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7247776","display_name":"Product market","level":3,"score":0.43203696608543396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120330832","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q166656","display_name":"Supply and demand","level":2,"score":0.4114186763763428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46934059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q61515","display_name":"Outsourcing","level":2,"score":0.33210286498069763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.2796349823474884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34447519","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179522","display_name":"Market economy","level":1,"score":0.20571133494377136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175444787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39072","display_name":"Microeconomics","level":1,"score":0.09038007259368896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162853370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39809","display_name":"Marketing","level":1,"score":0.07826757431030273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29122968","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1414816","display_name":"Incentive","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147789679","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11372","display_name":"Physical chemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"mag:2108220464","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://cep.lse.ac.uk/pubs/download/dp1026.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","score":1.0}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":27,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1516381423","https://openalex.org/W1519290939","https://openalex.org/W1560806906","https://openalex.org/W1596462243","https://openalex.org/W1979524874","https://openalex.org/W1992726449","https://openalex.org/W1997368086","https://openalex.org/W2047968083","https://openalex.org/W2048593579","https://openalex.org/W2050482467","https://openalex.org/W2066852599","https://openalex.org/W2102292466","https://openalex.org/W2106022734","https://openalex.org/W2107497267","https://openalex.org/W2110383895","https://openalex.org/W2111865476","https://openalex.org/W2121465295","https://openalex.org/W2146440686","https://openalex.org/W2172087445","https://openalex.org/W2231407740","https://openalex.org/W2555246873","https://openalex.org/W2891268467","https://openalex.org/W2922492920","https://openalex.org/W3021663468","https://openalex.org/W3122971337","https://openalex.org/W3124566832","https://openalex.org/W3125121094"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1509240327","https://openalex.org/W98474412","https://openalex.org/W1588739638","https://openalex.org/W2158550634","https://openalex.org/W1980544129","https://openalex.org/W2120420462","https://openalex.org/W2997075711","https://openalex.org/W2801676145","https://openalex.org/W7047221019","https://openalex.org/W7100560966"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1,48],"shows":[2],"the":[3,17,29,32,47,57,68,76,86,92,125],"employment":[4,18,33,96],"structure":[5],"of":[6,20,31,35,59,79],"16":[7],"European":[8],"countries":[9],"has":[10],"been":[11],"polarizing":[12,126],"in":[13,95,118,134,140,144],"recent":[14],"years":[15],"with":[16],"shares":[19,34],"managers,":[21],"professionals":[22],"and":[23,38,50,63,82,129],"low-paid":[24],"personal\nservices":[25],"workers":[26],"increasing":[27],"at":[28],"expense":[30],"middling":[36],"manufacturing":[37],"routine":[39],"office":[40],"workers.":[41],"To":[42],"explain":[43,104],"this":[44],"job":[45,105,142],"polarization,":[46],"develops":[49],"estimates":[51],"a":[52],"simple":[53],"model":[54],"to":[55,103,123],"capture":[56],"effects":[58,66],"technology,":[60],"globalization,":[61],"institutions":[62,136],"product":[64,119],"demand":[65,69,120],"on":[67],"for":[70,101],"different":[71],"occupations.":[72],"The":[73],"results\nsuggest":[74],"that":[75,116,130],"routinization":[77],"hypothesis":[78],"Autor,":[80],"Levy":[81],"Murnane":[83],"(2003)":[84],"is":[85,110],"single":[87],"most":[88],"important":[89],"factor":[90],"behind":[91],"observed":[93],"shifts":[94,117],"structure.":[97],"We":[98,113],"find":[99,115],"some\nevidence":[100],"offshoring":[102],"polarization":[106,143],"although":[107],"its":[108],"impact":[109,127],"much":[111],"smaller.":[112],"also":[114],"are":[121],"acting":[122],"attenuate":[124],"of\nroutinization":[128],"differences":[131],"or":[132],"changes":[133],"wage-setting":[135],"play":[137],"little":[138],"role":[139],"explaining":[141],"Europe.":[145]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-11-05T12:25:35.769452","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
