{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2108067484","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/titb.2007.897600","title":"Bi-Fi: An Embedded Sensor/System Architecture for Remote Biological Monitoring","display_name":"Bi-Fi: An Embedded Sensor/System Architecture for Remote Biological Monitoring","publication_year":2007,"publication_date":"2007-11-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2108067484","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/titb.2007.897600","mag":"2108067484","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18046936"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/titb.2007.897600","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/titb.2007.897600","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/titb.2007.897600","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S68937846","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Technology in Biomedicine","issn_l":"1089-7771","issn":["1089-7771","1558-0032"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Technology in Biomedicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018731916","display_name":"Shahin Farshchi","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161318765","display_name":"University of California, Los Angeles","ror":"https://ror.org/046rm7j60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shahin Farshchi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90025, USA. shahin@ee.ucla.edu","Department of Electrical Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90025, USA. shahin@ee.ucla.edu","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041002427","display_name":"A. A. Pesterev","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-1683-7521","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0001-1683-7521"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161318765","display_name":"University of California, Los Angeles","ror":"https://ror.org/046rm7j60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aleksey Pesterev","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032896765","display_name":"Paul Nuyujukian","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7778-5473","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7778-5473"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161318765","display_name":"University of California, Los Angeles","ror":"https://ror.org/046rm7j60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Paul H. Nuyujukian","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017700541","display_name":"Istv\u00e1n M\u00f3dy","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7975-7959","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7975-7959"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161318765","display_name":"University of California, Los Angeles","ror":"https://ror.org/046rm7j60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Istvan Mody","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065082992","display_name":"Jack William Judy","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1141-4466","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1141-4466"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161318765","display_name":"University of California, Los Angeles","ror":"https://ror.org/046rm7j60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jack W. Judy","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.9122,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":48,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.85010703,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":"6","first_page":"611","last_page":"618"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11932","display_name":"Wireless Body Area Networks","score":0.9467999935150146,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11932","display_name":"Wireless Body Area Networks","score":0.9467999935150146,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14353","display_name":"Wireless Sensor Networks for Data Analysis","score":0.03139999881386757,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11196","display_name":"Non-Invasive Vital Sign Monitoring","score":0.017100000753998756,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adaptive-differential-pulse-code-modulation","display_name":"ADPCM","score":0.6779999732971191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal-compression","display_name":"signal compression","score":0.7200000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/low-power-wireless-sensors","display_name":"low-power wireless sensors","score":0.5839999914169312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-filtering","display_name":"data filtering","score":0.36399999260902405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-traffic-reduction","display_name":"network traffic reduction","score":0.5479999780654907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/battery-life","display_name":"battery life","score":0.6259999871253967}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123657996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12271","display_name":"Architecture","level":2,"score":0.5861235857009888},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5088837146759033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.502068042755127},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.382161945104599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.3383774757385254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.1716897189617157},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0702812671661377}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000703","descriptor_name":"Analog-Digital Conversion","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003195","descriptor_name":"Computer Communication Networks","qualifier_ui":"Q000295","qualifier_name":"instrumentation","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003936","descriptor_name":"Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":"Q000295","qualifier_name":"instrumentation","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003936","descriptor_name":"Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004867","descriptor_name":"Equipment Design","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012815","descriptor_name":"Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":"Q000295","qualifier_name":"instrumentation","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D013686","descriptor_name":"Telemetry","qualifier_ui":"Q000295","qualifier_name":"instrumentation","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D013686","descriptor_name":"Telemetry","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014159","descriptor_name":"Transducers","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D018670","descriptor_name":"Monitoring, Ambulatory","qualifier_ui":"Q000295","qualifier_name":"instrumentation","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D018670","descriptor_name":"Monitoring, Ambulatory","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D019544","descriptor_name":"Equipment Failure Analysis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/titb.2007.897600","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/titb.2007.897600","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/titb.2007.897600","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S68937846","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Technology in Biomedicine","issn_l":"1089-7771","issn":["1089-7771","1558-0032"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Technology in Biomedicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:18046936","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18046936","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE transactions on information technology in biomedicine : a publication of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.718.797","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.718.797","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://npl.stanford.edu/%7Epaul/web/pubs/FarshchiEtAlTITB2007.pdf","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.5600000023841858}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":33,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1483977552","https://openalex.org/W1484704128","https://openalex.org/W1494875450","https://openalex.org/W1582547747","https://openalex.org/W2021959734","https://openalex.org/W2055815603","https://openalex.org/W2095510022","https://openalex.org/W2097794346","https://openalex.org/W2100809638","https://openalex.org/W2103827886","https://openalex.org/W2104532741","https://openalex.org/W2105723619","https://openalex.org/W2117414452","https://openalex.org/W2120796474","https://openalex.org/W2121011679","https://openalex.org/W2122187468","https://openalex.org/W2124735709","https://openalex.org/W2126462474","https://openalex.org/W2132929775","https://openalex.org/W2136540595","https://openalex.org/W2147035977","https://openalex.org/W2147946355","https://openalex.org/W2148281748","https://openalex.org/W2162273778","https://openalex.org/W2162853322","https://openalex.org/W2169167455","https://openalex.org/W2170524142","https://openalex.org/W2171406132","https://openalex.org/W2423609858","https://openalex.org/W2539424379","https://openalex.org/W2539912475","https://openalex.org/W3142095621","https://openalex.org/W4285719527"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2086172225","https://openalex.org/W1989523147","https://openalex.org/W2576786302","https://openalex.org/W2119016469","https://openalex.org/W2020147046","https://openalex.org/W7045652451","https://openalex.org/W2030344855","https://openalex.org/W3015237239","https://openalex.org/W2346692724","https://openalex.org/W1749049933"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Wireless-enabled":[0],"processor":[1],"modules":[2,44,51],"intended":[3],"for":[4,127,204,228],"communicating":[5],"low-frequency":[6],"phenomena":[7],"(i.e.,":[8],"temperature,":[9],"humidity,":[10],"and":[11,19,38,41,54,99,113,125,131,167,186,190,220],"ambient":[12],"light)":[13],"have":[14],"been":[15,29],"enabled":[16],"to":[17,91,111,120,170,177],"acquire":[18,53],"transmit":[20,55,114,121],"multiple":[21],"biological":[22,46,57,160,208],"signals":[23,58,145],"in":[24,101],"real":[25,102],"time,":[26],"which":[27,65],"has":[28],"achieved":[30],"by":[31],"using":[32],"computationally":[33],"efficient":[34],"data":[35,149,161],"acquisition,":[36],"filtering,":[37],"compression":[39],"algorithms,":[40],"interfacing":[42],"the":[43,68,72,106,122,159],"with":[45],"interface":[47,196],"hardware.":[48],"The":[49,135,181,198],"sensor":[50],"can":[52,108,201,224],"raw":[56],"at":[59,82,88],"a":[60,83,171,194],"rate":[61,84,192],"of":[62,71,85,139,143,210],"32":[63],"kb/s,":[64],"is":[66,137],"near":[67],"hardware":[69],"limit":[70],"modules.":[73],"Furthermore,":[74],"onboard":[75],"signal":[76],"processing":[77],"enables":[78,175],"one":[79],"channel,":[80],"sampled":[81],"4000":[86],"samples/s":[87],"12-bit":[89],"resolution,":[90],"be":[92,109,202,226],"compressed":[93],"via":[94,150,163,193],"adaptive":[95],"differential-pulse-code":[96],"modulation":[97],"(ADPCM)":[98],"transmitted":[100],"time.":[103],"In":[104],"addition,":[105],"sensors":[107],"configured":[110,203],"filter":[112],"individual":[115],"time-referenced":[116],"\"spike\"":[117],"waveforms,":[118],"or":[119,212],"spike":[123],"height":[124],"width":[126],"alleviating":[128],"network":[129],"traffic":[130],"increasing":[132],"battery":[133],"life.":[134],"system":[136,182,199],"capable":[138],"acquiring":[140],"eight":[141],"channels":[142],"analog":[144],"as":[146,148],"well":[147],"an":[151],"asynchronous":[152],"serial":[153],"connection.":[154],"A":[155],"back-end":[156],"server":[157],"archives":[158],"received":[162],"networked":[164],"gateway":[165],"sensors,":[166],"hosts":[168],"them":[169],"client":[172],"application":[173],"that":[174,217],"users":[176],"browse":[178],"recorded":[179],"data.":[180],"also":[183],"acquires,":[184],"filters,":[185],"transmits":[187],"oxygen":[188],"saturation":[189],"pulse":[191],"commercial-off-the-shelf":[195],"board.":[197],"architecture":[200],"performing":[205],"real-time":[206],"nonobtrusive":[207],"monitoring":[209],"humans":[211],"rodents.":[213],"This":[214],"paper":[215],"demonstrates":[216],"low-power,":[218],"computational,":[219],"bandwidth-constrained":[221],"wireless-enabled":[222],"platforms":[223],"indeed":[225],"leveraged":[227],"wireless":[229],"biosignal":[230],"monitoring.":[231]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}