{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2107948836","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.clpt.6100095","title":"Pharmacogenetics of Opioids","display_name":"Pharmacogenetics of Opioids","publication_year":2007,"publication_date":"2007-03-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2107948836","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.clpt.6100095","mag":"2107948836","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17339873"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1038/sj.clpt.6100095","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.clpt.6100095","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.clpt.6100095","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S159852663","display_name":"Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics","issn_l":"0009-9236","issn":["0009-9236","1085-8733","1532-6535"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","jufo-3","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Clinical Pharmacology &amp; Therapeutics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"review","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089827696","display_name":"Andrew Alexander Somogyi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4779-0380","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4779-0380"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5681781","display_name":"The University of Adelaide","ror":"https://ror.org/00892tw58","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405259444","https://openalex.org/I5681781"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Andrew A Somogyi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Discipline of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia. andrew.somogyi@adelaide.edu.au","Discipline of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Discipline of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia. andrew.somogyi@adelaide.edu.au","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5681781"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Discipline of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5681781"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077900083","display_name":"Daniel Thomas Barratt","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6261-353X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6261-353X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5681781","display_name":"The University of Adelaide","ror":"https://ror.org/00892tw58","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405259444","https://openalex.org/I5681781"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daniel T Barratt","raw_affiliation_strings":["Discipline of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Discipline of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5681781"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046046009","display_name":"Janet K. Coller","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8273-5048","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8273-5048"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5681781","display_name":"The University of Adelaide","ror":"https://ror.org/00892tw58","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405259444","https://openalex.org/I5681781"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Janet K Coller","raw_affiliation_strings":["Discipline of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Discipline of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5681781"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5089827696"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5681781"],"apc_list":{"value":4410,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4410},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.6127,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":328,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97033898,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"81","issue":"3","first_page":"429","last_page":"444"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10375","display_name":"Pharmacogenetics and Drug Metabolism","score":0.9854000210762024,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3004","display_name":"Pharmacology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/30","display_name":"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10375","display_name":"Pharmacogenetics and Drug Metabolism","score":0.9854000210762024,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3004","display_name":"Pharmacology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/30","display_name":"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11199","display_name":"Pain Management and Opioid Use","score":0.01269999984651804,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2703","display_name":"Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10576","display_name":"Opioid Use Disorder Treatment","score":0.00039999998989515007,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/opioids","display_name":"opioids","score":0.7609999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pharmacogenetics","display_name":"pharmacogenetics","score":0.9940000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pharmacokinetics","display_name":"pharmacokinetics","score":0.7900000214576721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pharmacodynamics","display_name":"pharmacodynamics","score":0.9860000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cyp2d6","display_name":"CYP2D6","score":0.9039999842643738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/p-glycoprotein","display_name":"P-glycoprotein","score":0.972000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mu-opioid-receptor","display_name":"mu-opioid receptor","score":0.9700000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/morphine","display_name":"morphine","score":0.6629999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/methadone","display_name":"methadone","score":0.9950000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inter-individual-variability","display_name":"interindividual variability","score":0.7850000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pain-management","display_name":"pain management","score":0.7049999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/opioid-use-disorder","display_name":"opioid use disorder","score":0.6320000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/opioid-tolerance","display_name":"opioid tolerance","score":0.41100001335144043}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781063702","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q427523","display_name":"Opioid","level":3,"score":0.7488607168197632},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98274493","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128406","display_name":"Pharmacology","level":1,"score":0.7341666221618652},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111113717","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q725307","display_name":"Pharmacodynamics","level":3,"score":0.672637939453125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170734499","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1152227","display_name":"Pharmacogenomics","level":2,"score":0.6512511372566223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.6448692083358765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55775858","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1152227","display_name":"Pharmacogenetics","level":4,"score":0.638874888420105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778767360","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179996","display_name":"Methadone","level":2,"score":0.5512491464614868},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781091344","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176533","display_name":"Alfentanil","level":3,"score":0.5509801506996155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777389121","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q81225","display_name":"Morphine","level":2,"score":0.5158073902130127},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112705442","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q323936","display_name":"Pharmacokinetics","level":2,"score":0.49241673946380615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776029756","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q407535","display_name":"Oxycodone","level":4,"score":0.49059024453163147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781118164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1088113","display_name":"Chronic pain","level":2,"score":0.4511614441871643},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170493617","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208467","display_name":"Receptor","level":2,"score":0.2563428282737732},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.17360496520996094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.16162031888961792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C135763542","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q106016","display_name":"Genotype","level":3,"score":0.12774673104286194},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.09176209568977356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781072394","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q407541","display_name":"Fentanyl","level":2,"score":0.08218252658843994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54355233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162","display_name":"Genetics","level":1,"score":0.06284943222999573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118552586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867","display_name":"Psychiatry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000701","descriptor_name":"Analgesics, Opioid","qualifier_ui":"Q000009","qualifier_name":"adverse effects","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000701","descriptor_name":"Analgesics, Opioid","qualifier_ui":"Q000145","qualifier_name":"classification","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000701","descriptor_name":"Analgesics, Opioid","qualifier_ui":"Q000493","qualifier_name":"pharmacokinetics","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000701","descriptor_name":"Analgesics, Opioid","qualifier_ui":"Q000494","qualifier_name":"pharmacology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000701","descriptor_name":"Analgesics, Opioid","qualifier_ui":"Q000627","qualifier_name":"therapeutic use","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000818","descriptor_name":"Animals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010146","descriptor_name":"Pain","qualifier_ui":"Q000188","qualifier_name":"drug therapy","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010146","descriptor_name":"Pain","qualifier_ui":"Q000235","qualifier_name":"genetics","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010147","descriptor_name":"Pain Measurement","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010597","descriptor_name":"Pharmacogenetics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D011110","descriptor_name":"Polymorphism, Genetic","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011957","descriptor_name":"Receptors, Opioid","qualifier_ui":"Q000187","qualifier_name":"drug effects","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011957","descriptor_name":"Receptors, Opioid","qualifier_ui":"Q000235","qualifier_name":"genetics","is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1038/sj.clpt.6100095","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.clpt.6100095","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.clpt.6100095","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S159852663","display_name":"Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics","issn_l":"0009-9236","issn":["0009-9236","1085-8733","1532-6535"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","jufo-3","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Clinical Pharmacology &amp; Therapeutics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:17339873","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17339873","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:digital.library.adelaide.edu.au:2440/42283","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/2440/42283","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401835","display_name":"Adelaide Research & Scholarship (AR&S) (University of Adelaide)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I5681781","host_organization_name":"The University of Adelaide","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I5681781"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.nature.com/clpt/journal/v81/n3/full/6100095a.html","raw_type":"Journal article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.9537000060081482,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":185,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W123422070","https://openalex.org/W131869076","https://openalex.org/W190262706","https://openalex.org/W192884275","https://openalex.org/W244546472","https://openalex.org/W349266031","https://openalex.org/W1486494320","https://openalex.org/W1494031902","https://openalex.org/W1510717844","https://openalex.org/W1518096905","https://openalex.org/W1524575989","https://openalex.org/W1770907176","https://openalex.org/W1828123165","https://openalex.org/W1830946878","https://openalex.org/W1855372530","https://openalex.org/W1861985504","https://openalex.org/W1882050418","https://openalex.org/W1904190318","https://openalex.org/W1910484136","https://openalex.org/W1964151743","https://openalex.org/W1965228291","https://openalex.org/W1965541116","https://openalex.org/W1966368641","https://openalex.org/W1967351866","https://openalex.org/W1968635545","https://openalex.org/W1971884752","https://openalex.org/W1971901889","https://openalex.org/W1972302074","https://openalex.org/W1972856183","https://openalex.org/W1973128804","https://openalex.org/W1973343474","https://openalex.org/W1975261946","https://openalex.org/W1975923647","https://openalex.org/W1976140947","https://openalex.org/W1979946819","https://openalex.org/W1980170993","https://openalex.org/W1981046943","https://openalex.org/W1981301171","https://openalex.org/W1982629786","https://openalex.org/W1985334643","https://openalex.org/W1986412179","https://openalex.org/W1986871243","https://openalex.org/W1988646111","https://openalex.org/W1989309280","https://openalex.org/W1989438200","https://openalex.org/W1989956851","https://openalex.org/W1990474450","https://openalex.org/W1992009633","https://openalex.org/W1992309965","https://openalex.org/W1996783118","https://openalex.org/W1996874116","https://openalex.org/W1997001068","https://openalex.org/W1997813700","https://openalex.org/W1998099054","https://openalex.org/W1998275215","https://openalex.org/W1998722031","https://openalex.org/W2001815145","https://openalex.org/W2002345475","https://openalex.org/W2003049082","https://openalex.org/W2004689547","https://openalex.org/W2006252190","https://openalex.org/W2006582768","https://openalex.org/W2006880847","https://openalex.org/W2007321756","https://openalex.org/W2007732431","https://openalex.org/W2008825099","https://openalex.org/W2009053553","https://openalex.org/W2009346581","https://openalex.org/W2012021913","https://openalex.org/W2012719507","https://openalex.org/W2012743573","https://openalex.org/W2014181699","https://openalex.org/W2016124588","https://openalex.org/W2016485321","https://openalex.org/W2018608742","https://openalex.org/W2019695588","https://openalex.org/W2019939029","https://openalex.org/W2022153036","https://openalex.org/W2022797906","https://openalex.org/W2022824877","https://openalex.org/W2024003832","https://openalex.org/W2025201785","https://openalex.org/W2025217074","https://openalex.org/W2027504487","https://openalex.org/W2027860611","https://openalex.org/W2028116681","https://openalex.org/W2031595392","https://openalex.org/W2032120498","https://openalex.org/W2032191165","https://openalex.org/W2032417894","https://openalex.org/W2034150627","https://openalex.org/W2034839664","https://openalex.org/W2034887368","https://openalex.org/W2035635857","https://openalex.org/W2037472613","https://openalex.org/W2037828590","https://openalex.org/W2037962571","https://openalex.org/W2038673720","https://openalex.org/W2040667320","https://openalex.org/W2040771359","https://openalex.org/W2040950569","https://openalex.org/W2045051119","https://openalex.org/W2046660501","https://openalex.org/W2047301834","https://openalex.org/W2047384307","https://openalex.org/W2048966261","https://openalex.org/W2048984025","https://openalex.org/W2053461760","https://openalex.org/W2054458932","https://openalex.org/W2054954020","https://openalex.org/W2055936731","https://openalex.org/W2056390454","https://openalex.org/W2056627166","https://openalex.org/W2058093850","https://openalex.org/W2058537044","https://openalex.org/W2059149449","https://openalex.org/W2060069024","https://openalex.org/W2060714956","https://openalex.org/W2062127575","https://openalex.org/W2062203984","https://openalex.org/W2063017492","https://openalex.org/W2064413682","https://openalex.org/W2064599411","https://openalex.org/W2065508314","https://openalex.org/W2066402738","https://openalex.org/W2066501217","https://openalex.org/W2067558825","https://openalex.org/W2069624475","https://openalex.org/W2070976511","https://openalex.org/W2074406420","https://openalex.org/W2074825398","https://openalex.org/W2075503758","https://openalex.org/W2076305171","https://openalex.org/W2077854844","https://openalex.org/W2080221942","https://openalex.org/W2080253238","https://openalex.org/W2082972630","https://openalex.org/W2083116825","https://openalex.org/W2086185646","https://openalex.org/W2086204057","https://openalex.org/W2086942133","https://openalex.org/W2088453708","https://openalex.org/W2090632754","https://openalex.org/W2090906262","https://openalex.org/W2091451013","https://openalex.org/W2093105834","https://openalex.org/W2093706445","https://openalex.org/W2095331564","https://openalex.org/W2097182282","https://openalex.org/W2101446516","https://openalex.org/W2109914580","https://openalex.org/W2113477888","https://openalex.org/W2116169819","https://openalex.org/W2117944128","https://openalex.org/W2118342649","https://openalex.org/W2120105313","https://openalex.org/W2121495198","https://openalex.org/W2123467745","https://openalex.org/W2123596072","https://openalex.org/W2124076664","https://openalex.org/W2124448589","https://openalex.org/W2124563076","https://openalex.org/W2132605650","https://openalex.org/W2135540915","https://openalex.org/W2136961324","https://openalex.org/W2137292576","https://openalex.org/W2137451001","https://openalex.org/W2138529480","https://openalex.org/W2140744545","https://openalex.org/W2141895799","https://openalex.org/W2142306898","https://openalex.org/W2144661178","https://openalex.org/W2145006060","https://openalex.org/W2146481987","https://openalex.org/W2158246924","https://openalex.org/W2161972125","https://openalex.org/W2162544968","https://openalex.org/W2163483326","https://openalex.org/W2167392727","https://openalex.org/W2168913040","https://openalex.org/W2186659228","https://openalex.org/W2321585154","https://openalex.org/W2411717979","https://openalex.org/W2443539121","https://openalex.org/W2787833398"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7084095668","https://openalex.org/W114923176","https://openalex.org/W1979555187","https://openalex.org/W2087552386","https://openalex.org/W2183254285","https://openalex.org/W1975923647","https://openalex.org/W2095891729","https://openalex.org/W3045423406","https://openalex.org/W210925479","https://openalex.org/W2146064298"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Opioids":[0],"are":[1,37,69,90],"used":[2],"for":[3],"acute":[4,167],"and":[5,8,16,30,33,50,79,100,107,122,138,168,209],"chronic":[6,169],"pain":[7],"dependency.":[9],"They":[10],"have":[11,156],"a":[12,154,183],"narrow":[13],"therapeutic":[14,204],"index":[15],"large":[17,184],"interpatient":[18,134],"variability":[19,135],"in":[20,64,84,132,136,162,176,199],"response.":[21],"Genetic":[22],"factors":[23],"regulating":[24],"their":[25,163,203],"pharmacokinetics":[26,118],"(metabolizing":[27],"enzymes,":[28],"transporters)":[29],"pharmacodynamics":[31,78,123],"(receptors":[32],"signal":[34],"transduction":[35],"elements)":[36],"contributors":[38],"to":[39,54,141,165,201],"such":[40],"variability.":[41],"The":[42],"polymorphic":[43],"CYP2D6":[44],"regulates":[45],"the":[46,85,112,128,158,172,177,193],"O-demethylation":[47],"of":[48,103,127,130,145,160,174,186,192],"codeine":[49],"other":[51],"weak":[52],"opioids":[53,68],"more":[55],"potent":[56],"metabolites":[57],"with":[58,92,190],"poor":[59],"metabolizers":[60],"having":[61],"reduced":[62],"antinociception":[63],"some":[65],"cases.":[66],"Some":[67],"P-glycoprotein":[70],"substrates,":[71],"whereas,":[72],"ABCB1":[73],"genotypes":[74],"inconsistently":[75],"influence":[76],"opioid":[77,87,105,117,187],"dosage":[80,98],"requirements.":[81],"Single-nucleotide":[82],"polymorphisms":[83],"mu":[86,104],"receptor":[88],"gene":[89],"associated":[91],"increasing":[93],"morphine,":[94],"but":[95],"not":[96],"methadone":[97],"requirements":[99],"altered":[101],"efficacy":[102,137],"agonists":[106],"antagonists.":[108],"As":[109],"knowledge":[110],"regarding":[111],"interplay":[113],"between":[114],"genes":[115],"affecting":[116],"including":[119,206],"cerebral":[120],"kinetics":[121],"increases,":[124],"our":[125],"understanding":[126],"role":[129],"pharmacogenomics":[131],"mediating":[133],"side":[139],"effects":[140],"this":[142],"important":[143],"class":[144],"drugs":[146,152,188],"will":[147],"be":[148],"better":[149],"informed.":[150],"Opioid":[151],"as":[153],"group":[155],"withstood":[157],"test":[159],"time":[161],"ability":[164],"attenuate":[166],"pain.":[170],"Since":[171],"isolation":[173],"morphine":[175],"early":[178],"1800s":[179],"by":[180],"Friedrich":[181],"Sert\u00fcrner,":[182],"number":[185],"beginning":[189],"modification":[191],"4,5-epoxymorphinan":[194],"ring":[195],"structure":[196],"were":[197],"developed":[198],"order":[200],"improve":[202],"margin,":[205],"reducing":[207],"dependence":[208],"tolerance,":[210],"ultimately":[211],"without":[212],"success.":[213]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":29},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":27},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":27}],"updated_date":"2026-11-10T11:39:43.021295","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
