{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2107919222","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1076/jmep.27.6.651.13793","title":"On the Triad Disease, Illness and Sickness","display_name":"On the Triad Disease, Illness and Sickness","publication_year":2002,"publication_date":"2002-12-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2107919222","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1076/jmep.27.6.651.13793","mag":"2107919222","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12607162"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1076/jmep.27.6.651.13793","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1076/jmep.27.6.651.13793","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1076/jmep.27.6.651.13793","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S166373307","display_name":"The Journal of Medicine and Philosophy A Forum for Bioethics and Philosophy of Medicine","issn_l":"0360-5310","issn":["0360-5310","1744-5019"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doyens","erih-plus","jufo-2","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Journal of Medicine and Philosophy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058531157","display_name":"Bj\u00f8rn Hofmann","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6709-4265","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6709-4265"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I184942183","display_name":"University of Oslo","ror":"https://ror.org/01xtthb56","country_code":"NO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I184942183"]}],"countries":["NO"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Bj\ufffdrn Hofmann","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center of Medical Ethics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway. b.m.hofmann@medetikk.uio.no","Center of Medical Ethics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center of Medical Ethics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway. b.m.hofmann@medetikk.uio.no","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I184942183"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center of Medical Ethics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I184942183"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5058531157"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I184942183"],"apc_list":{"value":3973,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3973},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":10.9091,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":269,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98029704,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"27","issue":"6","first_page":"651","last_page":"673"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14511","display_name":"Medicine, History, and Philosophy","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1207","display_name":"History and Philosophy of Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14511","display_name":"Medicine, History, and Philosophy","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1207","display_name":"History and Philosophy of Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12308","display_name":"Mental Health and Psychiatry","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1211","display_name":"Philosophy"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10778","display_name":"Philosophy of Biology and Scientific Explanation","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1207","display_name":"History and Philosophy of Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/disease","display_name":"disease","score":0.8109999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/illness","display_name":"illness","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/concept-of-disease","display_name":"concept of disease","score":0.5189999938011169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/philosophy-of-medicine","display_name":"philosophy of medicine","score":0.7070000171661377}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44725695","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q288156","display_name":"Normative","level":2,"score":0.837457537651062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779134260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136","display_name":"Disease","level":2,"score":0.6881803274154663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176038584","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q626432","display_name":"Triad (sociology)","level":2,"score":0.6772876977920532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.6188465356826782},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3557399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7552854","display_name":"Sociology of health and illness","level":3,"score":0.5574512481689453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160735492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31207","display_name":"Health care","level":2,"score":0.4284888803958893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777445420","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1671751","display_name":"Sick role","level":3,"score":0.41963380575180054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28719098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44946","display_name":"Point (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.41778427362442017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.3895224928855896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.3748018741607666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779473830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1540899","display_name":"MEDLINE","level":2,"score":0.2663455605506897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.2041969895362854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11171543","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41630","display_name":"Psychoanalysis","level":1,"score":0.13219192624092102},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.1219547688961029},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.11626532673835754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0915864109992981},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D001294","descriptor_name":"Attitude to Health","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004194","descriptor_name":"Disease","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006262","descriptor_name":"Health","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012803","descriptor_name":"Sick Role","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012933","descriptor_name":"Social Identification","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012938","descriptor_name":"Social Perception","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012962","descriptor_name":"Sociology, Medical","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D019359","descriptor_name":"Knowledge","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1076/jmep.27.6.651.13793","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1076/jmep.27.6.651.13793","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1076/jmep.27.6.651.13793","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S166373307","display_name":"The Journal of Medicine and Philosophy A Forum for Bioethics and Philosophy of Medicine","issn_l":"0360-5310","issn":["0360-5310","1744-5019"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doyens","erih-plus","jufo-2","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Journal of Medicine and Philosophy","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:12607162","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12607162","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Journal of medicine and philosophy","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.989.7712","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.989.7712","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://jmp.oxfordjournals.org/content/27/6/651.full.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.library.georgetown.edu:10822/1006170","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10822/1006170","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402467","display_name":"DigitalGeorgetown (Georgetown University Library)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210145449","host_organization_name":"Center for Security and Emerging Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210145449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"eweb:252094","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320307856","display_name":"World Health Organization","ror":"https://ror.org/01f80g185"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":43,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W17997272","https://openalex.org/W54764922","https://openalex.org/W197666505","https://openalex.org/W226927141","https://openalex.org/W278215862","https://openalex.org/W579132727","https://openalex.org/W621155636","https://openalex.org/W1492460583","https://openalex.org/W1522924745","https://openalex.org/W1527935828","https://openalex.org/W1547728544","https://openalex.org/W1574664604","https://openalex.org/W1580456949","https://openalex.org/W1593065131","https://openalex.org/W1602314741","https://openalex.org/W1749220038","https://openalex.org/W1972686996","https://openalex.org/W1984168288","https://openalex.org/W1985935094","https://openalex.org/W1987816363","https://openalex.org/W1989631866","https://openalex.org/W2011207582","https://openalex.org/W2018771558","https://openalex.org/W2026206192","https://openalex.org/W2028770837","https://openalex.org/W2039578500","https://openalex.org/W2063597630","https://openalex.org/W2066428937","https://openalex.org/W2072700114","https://openalex.org/W2077896733","https://openalex.org/W2086449088","https://openalex.org/W2090183812","https://openalex.org/W2151186028","https://openalex.org/W2151621121","https://openalex.org/W2152773396","https://openalex.org/W2163638841","https://openalex.org/W2322725800","https://openalex.org/W2330067397","https://openalex.org/W2797298957","https://openalex.org/W2922854620","https://openalex.org/W2999304732","https://openalex.org/W3108501207","https://openalex.org/W4285719527"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2181439691","https://openalex.org/W4252605084","https://openalex.org/W2916516406","https://openalex.org/W2610492592","https://openalex.org/W7165086331","https://openalex.org/W4249725160","https://openalex.org/W4380997278","https://openalex.org/W2955076054","https://openalex.org/W2963292254","https://openalex.org/W7213916418"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"point":[1],"of":[2,10,20,33,88,99,104,121],"departure":[3],"for":[4],"this":[5],"article":[6,80],"is":[7,28,37,114],"a":[8,96],"review":[9],"the":[11,18,26,31,68,76,79,86,102],"discussion":[12],"between":[13,75],"Twaddle":[14],"and":[15,23,25,42,50,60,72,91],"Nordenfelt":[16],"on":[17,47,107],"concepts":[19,87,123],"disease,":[21,40,89],"illness,":[22,41,90],"sickness,":[24],"objective":[27],"to":[29,56,63,117],"investigate":[30],"fruitfulness":[32],"these":[34],"concepts.":[35,77],"It":[36],"argued":[38],"that":[39,51,85],"sickness":[43,92],"represent":[44],"different":[45,105],"perspectives":[46,106],"human":[48,108],"ailment":[49,109],"they":[52],"can":[53,93],"be":[54],"applied":[55],"analyze":[57],"both":[58],"epistemic":[59,71],"normative":[61,73],"challenges":[62],"modern":[64,125],"medicine.":[65],"In":[66],"particular":[67],"analysis":[69],"reveals":[70],"differences":[74],"Furthermore,":[78],"demonstrates,":[81],"against":[82],"Nordenfelt's":[83],"claim,":[84],"exist":[94],"without":[95],"general":[97],"theory":[98],"health.":[100],"Additionally,":[101],"complexity":[103],"also":[110],"explains":[111],"why":[112],"it":[113],"so":[115],"difficult":[116],"give":[118],"strict":[119],"definitions":[120],"basic":[122],"within":[124],"health":[126],"care.":[127]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":29},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":26},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":27},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":22},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":27},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
