{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2107901139","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2010.144477","title":"A Critique of the Hypothesis, and a Defense of the Question, as a Framework for Experimentation","display_name":"A Critique of the Hypothesis, and a Defense of the Question, as a Framework for Experimentation","publication_year":2010,"publication_date":"2010-06-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2107901139","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2010.144477","mag":"2107901139","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20511448"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1373/clinchem.2010.144477","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2010.144477","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2010.144477","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S139212996","display_name":"Clinical Chemistry","issn_l":"0009-9147","issn":["0009-9147","1530-8561"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","jufo-3","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320272","host_organization_name":"American Association for Clinical Chemistry","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320272"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Association for Clinical Chemistry"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Clinical Chemistry","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054558716","display_name":"David J. Glass","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6187-4164","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6187-4164"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"David J Glass","raw_affiliation_strings":["Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA","Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research Cambridge, MA USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research Cambridge, MA USA","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5054558716"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":4636,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4636},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":11.1241,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":34,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97838195,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"56","issue":"7","first_page":"1080","last_page":"1085"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10778","display_name":"Philosophy and History of Science","score":0.7807999849319458,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1207","display_name":"History and Philosophy of Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10778","display_name":"Philosophy and History of Science","score":0.7807999849319458,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1207","display_name":"History and Philosophy of Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13558","display_name":"Philosophy, Science, and History","score":0.15870000422000885,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1207","display_name":"History and Philosophy of Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11555","display_name":"Methodologies in Health Research and Practice","score":0.016300000250339508,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3605","display_name":"Health Information Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hypothesis-driven-research","display_name":"hypothesis-driven research","score":0.8180000185966492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/experimental-design","display_name":"experimental design","score":0.5099999904632568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/falsification","display_name":"falsification","score":0.5989999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/verification","display_name":"verification","score":0.8970000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/critical-rationalism","display_name":"critical rationalism","score":0.9190000295639038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/karl-popper","display_name":"Karl Popper","score":0.9900000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/francis-bacon","display_name":"Francis Bacon","score":0.7879999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/isaac-newton","display_name":"Isaac Newton","score":0.9139999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scientific-discovery","display_name":"scientific discovery","score":0.5960000157356262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/systems-biology","display_name":"systems biology","score":0.7099999785423279}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992852123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q81244","display_name":"Karl popper","level":2,"score":0.7776051163673401},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.7433106899261475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C7991579","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17955","display_name":"Criticism","level":2,"score":0.723900556564331},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780608745","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367293","display_name":"Convention","level":2,"score":0.5897414684295654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2994469624","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101965","display_name":"Experimental science","level":2,"score":0.46473029255867004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110099512","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q59115","display_name":"Philosophy of science","level":2,"score":0.4512906074523926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.44909414649009705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116222747","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q220888","display_name":"Falsifiability","level":2,"score":0.43508586287498474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.39906173944473267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.3437856435775757},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.32911622524261475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55587333","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1133029","display_name":"Engineering ethics","level":1,"score":0.32113558053970337},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.26926684379577637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.15814489126205444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.1496858298778534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.11208292841911316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D010684","descriptor_name":"Philosophy","qualifier_ui":"Q000266","qualifier_name":"history","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012107","descriptor_name":"Research Design","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012586","descriptor_name":"Science","qualifier_ui":"Q000266","qualifier_name":"history","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D049669","descriptor_name":"History, 16th Century","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D049670","descriptor_name":"History, 17th Century","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D049671","descriptor_name":"History, 18th Century","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D049672","descriptor_name":"History, 19th Century","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D049673","descriptor_name":"History, 20th Century","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D049674","descriptor_name":"History, 21st Century","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1373/clinchem.2010.144477","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2010.144477","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2010.144477","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S139212996","display_name":"Clinical Chemistry","issn_l":"0009-9147","issn":["0009-9147","1530-8561"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","jufo-3","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320272","host_organization_name":"American Association for Clinical Chemistry","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320272"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Association for Clinical Chemistry"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Clinical Chemistry","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:20511448","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20511448","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Clinical chemistry","raw_type":"Historical Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.823.7185","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.823.7185","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.clinchem.org/content/56/7/1080.full.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.826.4917","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.826.4917","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.clinchem.org/content/early/2010/05/28/clinchem.2010.144477.full.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.827.9799","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.827.9799","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.clinchem.org/content/early/2010/06/04/clinchem.2010.144477.full.pdf","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":13,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1491054842","https://openalex.org/W1516274011","https://openalex.org/W1536553511","https://openalex.org/W1565693361","https://openalex.org/W1566151591","https://openalex.org/W1590150944","https://openalex.org/W1591422284","https://openalex.org/W1968410348","https://openalex.org/W2033210570","https://openalex.org/W2035921609","https://openalex.org/W2057590004","https://openalex.org/W2077229098","https://openalex.org/W2121774873"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2121774873","https://openalex.org/W2239357730","https://openalex.org/W3131496761","https://openalex.org/W7130550607","https://openalex.org/W2467478140","https://openalex.org/W7101200164","https://openalex.org/W4251005505","https://openalex.org/W7118145672","https://openalex.org/W2327956676","https://openalex.org/W4416285996"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Scientists":[0],"are":[1,64,155],"often":[2],"steered":[3],"by":[4,45],"common":[5],"convention,":[6],"funding":[7],"agencies,":[8],"and":[9,114,117],"journal":[10],"guidelines":[11],"into":[12],"a":[13,125,134],"hypothesis-driven":[14],"experimental":[15,27,42,52,109],"framework,":[16],"despite":[17,158],"Isaac":[18],"Newton's":[19,33],"dictum":[20],"that":[21,32],"hypotheses":[22,63],"have":[23],"no":[24],"place":[25],"in":[26,38,55],"science.":[28],"Some":[29],"may":[30,149],"think":[31],"cautionary":[34],"note,":[35],"which":[36,111],"was":[37],"keeping":[39],"with":[40,57,104],"an":[41,142],"approach":[43],"espoused":[44],"Francis":[46],"Bacon,":[47],"is":[48,82,112,138,141,151],"inapplicable":[49],"to":[50,66,74,119,161,165],"current":[51],"method":[53],"since,":[54],"accord":[56],"the":[58,105,120,131,152,166],"philosopher":[59],"Karl":[60],"Popper,":[61],"modern-day":[62],"framed":[65],"serve":[67],"as":[68,72,100,124,133],"instruments":[69],"of":[70,88,108,122,130],"falsification,":[71],"opposed":[73],"verification.":[75],"But":[76],"Popper's":[77],"\"critical":[78],"rationalist\"":[79],"framework":[80,135,153],"too":[81],"problematic.":[83],"It":[84],"has":[85],"been":[86],"accused":[87],"being:":[89],"inconsistent":[90,103],"on":[91],"philosophical":[92],"grounds;":[93],"unworkable":[94],"for":[95,136],"modern":[96],"\"large":[97],"science,\"":[98],"such":[99],"systems":[101],"biology;":[102],"actual":[106],"goals":[107],"science,":[110],"verification":[113],"not":[115],"falsification;":[116],"harmful":[118],"process":[121],"discovery":[123],"practical":[126],"matter.":[127],"A":[128],"criticism":[129],"hypothesis":[132],"experimentation":[137],"offered.":[139],"Presented":[140],"alternative":[143],"framework-the":[144],"query/model":[145],"approach-which":[146],"many":[147],"scientists":[148],"discover":[150],"they":[154],"actually":[156],"using,":[157],"being":[159],"required":[160],"give":[162],"lip":[163],"service":[164],"hypothesis.":[167]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}