{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2107635252","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/nem.1864","title":"DNS\u2010Class: immediate classification of IP flows using DNS","display_name":"DNS\u2010Class: immediate classification of IP flows using DNS","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-06-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2107635252","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/nem.1864","mag":"2107635252"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1002/nem.1864","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/nem.1864","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/nem.1864","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S204585504","display_name":"International Journal of Network Management","issn_l":"1055-7148","issn":["1055-7148","1099-1190"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-c","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Network Management","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029232413","display_name":"Pawe\u0142 Foremski","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1187-4793","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1187-4793"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210122744","display_name":"Institute of Theoretical and Applied Informatics","ror":"https://ror.org/037p52j25","country_code":"PL","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210122744","https://openalex.org/I99542240"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99542240","display_name":"Polish Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/01dr6c206","country_code":"PL","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99542240"]}],"countries":["PL"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Pawe\u0142 Foremski","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Theoretical and Applied Informatics of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Gliwice, Poland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1187-4793","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Theoretical and Applied Informatics of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Gliwice, Poland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210122744","https://openalex.org/I99542240"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079097534","display_name":"Christian Callegari","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7323-8069","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7323-8069"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I108290504","display_name":"University of Pisa","ror":"https://ror.org/03ad39j10","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I108290504"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christian Callegari","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Engineering University of Pisa Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Engineering University of Pisa Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I108290504"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065635344","display_name":"Michele Pagano","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1706-4994","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1706-4994"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I108290504","display_name":"University of Pisa","ror":"https://ror.org/03ad39j10","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I108290504"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michele Pagano","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Engineering University of Pisa Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Engineering University of Pisa Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I108290504"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5029232413"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210122744","https://openalex.org/I99542240"],"apc_list":{"value":2490,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2490},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.6521,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":19,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93123865,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"24","issue":"4","first_page":"272","last_page":"288"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12326","display_name":"Network Packet Processing and Optimization","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dns","display_name":"DNS","score":0.824999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-traffic-classification","display_name":"network traffic classification","score":0.7860000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/domain-names","display_name":"domain names","score":0.7590000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/port-numbers","display_name":"port numbers","score":0.9509999752044678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-management","display_name":"network management","score":0.7580000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cascade-structure","display_name":"cascade structure","score":0.6809999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-protocols","display_name":"network protocols","score":0.5550000071525574}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8919337391853333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43364308","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8799","display_name":"Byte","level":2,"score":0.6497600674629211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35026560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8767","display_name":"Domain Name System","level":3,"score":0.6224743127822876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158379750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214111","display_name":"Network packet","level":2,"score":0.5963436365127563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.5946277976036072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.5852301120758057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64869954","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1859747","display_name":"False positive paradox","level":2,"score":0.5654056072235107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777212361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5127848","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.48137596249580383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63969886","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3536440","display_name":"Internet traffic","level":3,"score":0.4766705334186554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204679922","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q734252","display_name":"Deep packet inspection","level":3,"score":0.4343811571598053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32802771","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2443617","display_name":"Port (circuit theory)","level":2,"score":0.42480576038360596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.3880084753036499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.16684725880622864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.16047316789627075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.09081795811653137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1002/nem.1864","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/nem.1864","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/nem.1864","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S204585504","display_name":"International Journal of Network Management","issn_l":"1055-7148","issn":["1055-7148","1099-1190"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-c","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Network Management","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arpi.unipi.it:11568/759898","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1002/(ISSN)1099-1190","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196265","display_name":"CINECA IRIS Institutial research information system (University of Pisa)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I108290504","host_organization_name":"University of Pisa","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I108290504"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1990255192","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2011/01/N/ST6/07202","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322511","funder_display_name":"Narodowe Centrum Nauki"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322511","display_name":"Narodowe Centrum Nauki","ror":"https://ror.org/03ha2q922"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":31,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W21741679","https://openalex.org/W169057124","https://openalex.org/W335167183","https://openalex.org/W1506056176","https://openalex.org/W1521626219","https://openalex.org/W1543537233","https://openalex.org/W1559810148","https://openalex.org/W2021415633","https://openalex.org/W2026654227","https://openalex.org/W2051710502","https://openalex.org/W2096118443","https://openalex.org/W2108756418","https://openalex.org/W2111427271","https://openalex.org/W2118443685","https://openalex.org/W2118585731","https://openalex.org/W2120948237","https://openalex.org/W2122226347","https://openalex.org/W2143564183","https://openalex.org/W2149945051","https://openalex.org/W2157791002","https://openalex.org/W2159573992","https://openalex.org/W2161840551","https://openalex.org/W2165612380","https://openalex.org/W2167197286","https://openalex.org/W2487087946","https://openalex.org/W2608958910","https://openalex.org/W2799061466","https://openalex.org/W2799148064","https://openalex.org/W2886313391","https://openalex.org/W4236506014","https://openalex.org/W4237969349"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2525096404","https://openalex.org/W7100461167","https://openalex.org/W7097298532","https://openalex.org/W169057124","https://openalex.org/W2283839217","https://openalex.org/W7097257031","https://openalex.org/W76253292","https://openalex.org/W7096980849","https://openalex.org/W7096913703","https://openalex.org/W769944659"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"SUMMARY":[0],"Nowadays":[1],"we":[2,63,153],"see":[3],"a":[4,28,57,71,98,141,145,149],"tremendous":[5],"growth":[6],"of":[7,13,16,97,102,123,129,144,167],"the":[8,14,83,103,174,179],"Internet,":[9],"especially":[10],"in":[11,56,86,148,165],"terms":[12,166],"amont":[15],"data":[17],"being":[18,24],"transmitted":[19],"and":[20,52,89,111,126,170],"new":[21],"network":[22,31,38,160],"protocols":[23,161],"introduced.":[25],"This":[26],"poses":[27],"challenge":[29],"for":[30,37,94],"administrators,":[32],"who":[33],"need":[34],"adequate":[35],"tools":[36],"management.":[39],"Recent":[40],"findings":[41,66],"show":[42,81],"that":[43,82],"DNS":[44,68,164],"can":[45,138],"contribute":[46],"valuable":[47],"information":[48,84],"on":[49,67,118,132,157,163],"IP":[50],"flows":[51],"improve":[53],"traffic":[54,73,114,134],"visibility":[55],"computer":[58],"network.":[59],"In":[60],"this":[61],"paper,":[62],"apply":[64],"these":[65],"to":[69],"propose":[70],"novel":[72],"classification":[74,96,115],"algorithm":[75,137],"with":[76],"interesting":[77],"features.":[78],"We":[79,105,172],"experimentally":[80],"carried":[85],"domain":[87],"names":[88],"port":[90],"numbers":[91],"is":[92],"sufficient":[93],"immediate":[95],"highly":[99],"significant":[100],"portion":[101],"traffic.":[104],"present":[106],"DNS\u2010Class:":[107],"an":[108,155],"innovative,":[109],"fast":[110],"reliable":[112],"flow\u2010based":[113],"algorithm,":[116],"which":[117],"average":[119],"yields":[120],"99.8":[121],"%":[122],"true":[124],"positives":[125,131],"<":[127],"0.1%":[128],"false":[130],"real":[133],"traces.":[135],"The":[136],"work":[139],"as":[140,182],"major":[142],"element":[143],"modular":[146],"system":[147,181],"cascade":[150],"architecture.":[151],"Additionally,":[152],"provide":[154],"analysis":[156],"how":[158],"various":[159],"depend":[162],"flows,":[168],"packets":[169],"bytes.":[171],"release":[173],"complete":[175],"source":[176],"code":[177],"implementing":[178],"presented":[180],"open":[183],"source.":[184],"Copyright":[185],"\u00a9":[186],"2014":[187],"John":[188],"Wiley":[189],"&":[190],"Sons,":[191],"Ltd.":[192]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-10-30T12:39:25.321706","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}