{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2107576438","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.210369597","title":"An empirical explanation of color contrast","display_name":"An empirical explanation of color contrast","publication_year":2000,"publication_date":"2000-10-31","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2107576438","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.210369597","mag":"2107576438","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11058148","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/18850"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1073/pnas.210369597","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.210369597","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.210369597","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S125754415","display_name":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences","issn_l":"0027-8424","issn":["0027-8424","1091-6490"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","erih-plus","jufo-3","ki-jl-3","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320052","host_organization_name":"National Academy of Sciences","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320052"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["National Academy of Sciences"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/18850","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025214993","display_name":"R. Beau Lotto","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210126298","display_name":"Duke Medical Center","ror":"https://ror.org/03njmea73","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210126298","https://openalex.org/I4210144876"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"R. Beau Lotto","raw_affiliation_strings":["Duke University Medical Center, Box 3209, Durham, NC 27710","Duke University Medical Center, Box 3209, Durham, NC 27710, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Duke University Medical Center, Box 3209, Durham, NC 27710","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210126298"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Duke University Medical Center, Box 3209, Durham, NC 27710, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210126298"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053542806","display_name":"Dale Purves","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3011-4338","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3011-4338"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210126298","display_name":"Duke Medical Center","ror":"https://ror.org/03njmea73","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210126298","https://openalex.org/I4210144876"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dale Purves","raw_affiliation_strings":["Duke University Medical Center, Box 3209, Durham, NC 27710"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Duke University Medical Center, Box 3209, Durham, NC 27710","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210126298"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210126298"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.1297,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":110,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.77589585,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"97","issue":"23","first_page":"12834","last_page":"12839"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10427","display_name":"Visual perception and processing mechanisms","score":0.6577000021934509,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10427","display_name":"Visual perception and processing mechanisms","score":0.6577000021934509,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11666","display_name":"Color Science and Applications","score":0.31929999589920044,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12496","display_name":"Color perception and design","score":0.007499999832361937,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/color-contrast","display_name":"color contrast","score":0.9929999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/color-perception","display_name":"color perception","score":0.8109999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reflectivity","display_name":"reflectivity","score":0.8930000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/light-sources","display_name":"light sources","score":0.7649999856948853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stimulus-probability","display_name":"stimulus probability","score":0.40700000524520874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phenomenology-of-perception","display_name":"phenomenology of perception","score":0.6159999966621399}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776502983","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q690182","display_name":"Contrast (vision)","level":2,"score":0.7271425724029541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61674017","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q374259","display_name":"Color vision","level":2,"score":0.6859095692634583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984178911","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q690182","display_name":"Color contrast","level":2,"score":0.6080095767974854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196956537","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q202021","display_name":"Chromatic scale","level":2,"score":0.5705587267875671},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187888035","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2563885","display_name":"Color constancy","level":3,"score":0.5688623785972595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26760741","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160402","display_name":"Perception","level":2,"score":0.557935357093811},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126537357","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q372948","display_name":"Hue","level":2,"score":0.45358848571777344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.44187432527542114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3127909","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q166253","display_name":"Contrast effect","level":3,"score":0.42325547337532043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108597893","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q663650","display_name":"Reflectivity","level":2,"score":0.41040316224098206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.3604714870452881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.253167986869812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.22742310166358948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.20921841263771057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.08511516451835632},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D003118","descriptor_name":"Color Perception","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010775","descriptor_name":"Photic Stimulation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015350","descriptor_name":"Contrast Sensitivity","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1073/pnas.210369597","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.210369597","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.210369597","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S125754415","display_name":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences","issn_l":"0027-8424","issn":["0027-8424","1091-6490"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","erih-plus","jufo-3","ki-jl-3","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320052","host_organization_name":"National Academy of Sciences","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320052"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["National Academy of Sciences"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:18850","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/18850","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:11058148","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11058148","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:18850","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/18850","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A","raw_type":"Text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6204363412","display_name":"CONSTRUCTION OF BRAIN CIRCUITS","funder_award_id":"5r01ns029187-11","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","funder_display_name":"National Institutes of Health"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6345613991","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NS29187","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337359","funder_display_name":"National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","display_name":"National Institutes of Health","ror":"https://ror.org/01cwqze88"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337359","display_name":"National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke","ror":"https://ror.org/01s5ya894"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":39,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1486895112","https://openalex.org/W1526122715","https://openalex.org/W1655654231","https://openalex.org/W1965115761","https://openalex.org/W1965258563","https://openalex.org/W1971038662","https://openalex.org/W1974152196","https://openalex.org/W1984550584","https://openalex.org/W1996305424","https://openalex.org/W1997534618","https://openalex.org/W2012080360","https://openalex.org/W2013618865","https://openalex.org/W2018706238","https://openalex.org/W2022072198","https://openalex.org/W2028484375","https://openalex.org/W2029732643","https://openalex.org/W2036758337","https://openalex.org/W2042199086","https://openalex.org/W2046971557","https://openalex.org/W2053155900","https://openalex.org/W2077074692","https://openalex.org/W2080713489","https://openalex.org/W2084077893","https://openalex.org/W2090975960","https://openalex.org/W2091329374","https://openalex.org/W2096331630","https://openalex.org/W2106446882","https://openalex.org/W2117912959","https://openalex.org/W2145323251","https://openalex.org/W2151850352","https://openalex.org/W2156917116","https://openalex.org/W2158646162","https://openalex.org/W2164847484","https://openalex.org/W2329490736","https://openalex.org/W2500773808","https://openalex.org/W2568842486","https://openalex.org/W2795108360","https://openalex.org/W4230060924","https://openalex.org/W4249237188"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2019837391","https://openalex.org/W2044116859","https://openalex.org/W2115013202","https://openalex.org/W1486895112","https://openalex.org/W2146113045","https://openalex.org/W2032004347","https://openalex.org/W2022350449","https://openalex.org/W2094068779","https://openalex.org/W2118265738","https://openalex.org/W2012479414"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"For":[0],"reasons":[1],"not":[2],"well":[3],"understood,":[4],"the":[5,23,35,46,49,56,68,78,97,100,104],"color":[6,27,82,90,118],"of":[7,71,81,89,99,103,117],"a":[8,113],"surface":[9],"can":[10],"appear":[11],"quite":[12],"different":[13,17],"when":[14],"placed":[15],"in":[16,45],"chromatic":[18],"surrounds.":[19],"Here":[20],"we":[21,108],"explore":[22],"possibility":[24],"that":[25],"these":[26],"contrast":[28,83,91,119],"effects":[29],"are":[30,92,110],"generated":[31],"according":[32],"to":[33,43],"what":[34],"same":[36],"or":[37],"similar":[38],"stimuli":[39],"have":[40],"turned":[41],"out":[42],"signify":[44],"past":[47],"about":[48],"physical":[50,69],"relationships":[51,70],"between":[52],"reflectance,":[53],"illumination,":[54],"and":[55,74,84],"spectral":[57,75],"returns":[58,76],"they":[59],"produce.":[60],"This":[61],"hypothesis":[62],"was":[63],"evaluated":[64],"by":[65,95],"(i)":[66],"comparing":[67],"reflectances,":[72],"illuminants,":[73],"with":[77,112],"perceptual":[79],"phenomenology":[80],"(ii)":[85],"testing":[86],"whether":[87],"perceptions":[88],"predictably":[93],"changed":[94],"altering":[96],"probabilities":[98],"possible":[101],"sources":[102],"stimulus.":[105],"The":[106],"results":[107],"describe":[109],"consistent":[111],"wholly":[114],"empirical":[115],"explanation":[116],"effects.":[120]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
