{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2107455488","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/2945.942688","title":"Penalized-distance volumetric skeleton algorithm","display_name":"Penalized-distance volumetric skeleton algorithm","publication_year":2001,"publication_date":"2001-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2107455488","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/2945.942688","mag":"2107455488"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/2945.942688","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/2945.942688","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/2945.942688","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S84775595","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics","issn_l":"1077-2626","issn":["1077-2626","1941-0506","2160-9306"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["ccf-a","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","jufo-3","medline","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053022580","display_name":"Ingmar Bitter","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I59553526","display_name":"Stony Brook University","ror":"https://ror.org/05qghxh33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I59553526"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"I. Bitter","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, State University of New York, Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, State University of New York, Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I59553526"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039517392","display_name":"Arie E. Kaufman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0796-6196","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0796-6196"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I59553526","display_name":"Stony Brook University","ror":"https://ror.org/05qghxh33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I59553526"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"A.E. Kaufman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, State University of New York, Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, State University of New York, Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I59553526"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004874377","display_name":"Mie Sato","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2190-4629","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2190-4629"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I35440088","display_name":"ETH Zurich","ror":"https://ror.org/05a28rw58","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799323385","https://openalex.org/I35440088"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M. Sato","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Graphics Group, Institute of Scientific Computing, ETH Zentrum, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich, Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Graphics Group, Institute of Scientific Computing, ETH Zentrum, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35440088"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":2645,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2645},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":11.825,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":245,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99217957,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":"3","first_page":"195","last_page":"206"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10719","display_name":"3D Shape Modeling and Analysis","score":0.5170999765396118,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2206","display_name":"Computational Mechanics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10719","display_name":"3D Shape Modeling and Analysis","score":0.5170999765396118,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2206","display_name":"Computational Mechanics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12923","display_name":"Digital Image Processing Techniques","score":0.27469998598098755,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10481","display_name":"Computer Graphics and Visualization Techniques","score":0.13809999823570251,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1704","display_name":"Computer Graphics and Computer-Aided Design"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/skeletonization","display_name":"skeletonization","score":0.777999997138977}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.770257294178009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.6671387553215027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18969341","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1169129","display_name":"Skeleton (computer programming)","level":2,"score":0.6592988967895508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14036430","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3736076","display_name":"Function (biology)","level":2,"score":0.45982789993286133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185877587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1757407","display_name":"Medial axis","level":2,"score":0.4525550603866577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112785775","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q786441","display_name":"Topological skeleton","level":4,"score":0.43690380454063416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.34403592348098755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89600930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423946","display_name":"Segmentation","level":2,"score":0.1220676600933075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78458016","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840400","display_name":"Evolutionary biology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129641003","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q267189","display_name":"Active shape model","level":3,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/2945.942688","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/2945.942688","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/2945.942688","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S84775595","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics","issn_l":"1077-2626","issn":["1077-2626","1941-0506","2160-9306"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["ccf-a","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","jufo-3","medline","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":25,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W85028940","https://openalex.org/W1491499589","https://openalex.org/W1548879090","https://openalex.org/W1974703339","https://openalex.org/W1978254098","https://openalex.org/W2000023163","https://openalex.org/W2001207590","https://openalex.org/W2010600508","https://openalex.org/W2029195583","https://openalex.org/W2038943099","https://openalex.org/W2056425658","https://openalex.org/W2066778284","https://openalex.org/W2072876810","https://openalex.org/W2078059979","https://openalex.org/W2093513099","https://openalex.org/W2143560481","https://openalex.org/W2169528473","https://openalex.org/W2294130413","https://openalex.org/W2330326718","https://openalex.org/W3145703257","https://openalex.org/W4205649593","https://openalex.org/W4235692697","https://openalex.org/W4247741210","https://openalex.org/W4250101474","https://openalex.org/W4301911764"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2317425934","https://openalex.org/W2143560481","https://openalex.org/W7099673754","https://openalex.org/W1990994043","https://openalex.org/W7028859241","https://openalex.org/W2053563171","https://openalex.org/W2354573829","https://openalex.org/W3038936697","https://openalex.org/W2294730690","https://openalex.org/W2381493250"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Introduces":[0],"a":[1,6,12,81],"refined":[2],"general":[3],"definition":[4],"of":[5,21,25,83],"skeleton":[7,53],"that":[8,17,50],"is":[9,59,89],"based":[10],"on":[11,80],"penalized":[13],"distance":[14],"function":[15],"and":[16,33,35,42,55],"cannot":[18],"create":[19],"any":[20],"the":[22,26,52,64,76,95],"degenerate":[23],"cases":[24],"earlier":[27],"CEASAR":[28],"(Center-line":[29],"Extraction":[30,38],"Algorithm-Smooth,":[31],"Accurate":[32],"Robust)":[34,43],"TEASAR":[36],"(Tree-structure":[37],"Algorithm":[39],"for":[40],"Skeletons-Accurate":[41],"algorithms.":[44],"Additionally,":[45],"we":[46],"provide":[47],"an":[48],"algorithm":[49,88],"finds":[51],"accurately":[54],"rapidly.":[56],"Our":[57],"solution":[58],"fully":[60],"automatic,":[61],"which":[62,98],"frees":[63],"user":[65],"from":[66],"having":[67],"to":[68],"engage":[69],"in":[70],"manual":[71],"data":[72,85],"pre-processing.":[73],"We":[74],"present":[75],"accurate":[77],"skeletons":[78],"computed":[79],"number":[82],"test":[84],"sets.":[86],"The":[87],"very":[90],"efficient,":[91],"as":[92],"demonstrated":[93],"by":[94],"running":[96],"times,":[97],"were":[99],"all":[100],"below":[101],"seven":[102],"minutes.":[103]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":8}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}