{"id":"https://openalex.org/W210740920","doi":null,"title":"Methodological issues of confounding in analytical epidemiologic studies.","display_name":"Methodological issues of confounding in analytical epidemiologic studies.","publication_year":2012,"publication_date":"2012-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W210740920","mag":"210740920","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24009920","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/3755849"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:2754827","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://europepmc.org/articles/PMC3755849","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Text"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"http://europepmc.org/articles/PMC3755849","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008010272","display_name":"Karimollah Hajian\u2010Tilaki","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6830-1916","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6830-1916"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I70876197","display_name":"Babol University of Medical Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/02r5cmz65","country_code":"IR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I70876197"]}],"countries":["IR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Karimollah Hajian Tilaki","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Social Medicine and Health, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Social Medicine and Health, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I70876197"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5008010272"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I70876197"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.5765,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":30,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.67490007,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":87,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"3","issue":"3","first_page":"488","last_page":"95"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14374","display_name":"Statistical Methods in Epidemiology","score":0.9067000150680542,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14374","display_name":"Statistical Methods in Epidemiology","score":0.9067000150680542,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10845","display_name":"Advanced Causal Inference Techniques","score":0.09009999781847,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14043","display_name":"Historical and modern epidemiology studies","score":0.0003000000142492354,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2713","display_name":"Epidemiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/confounding","display_name":"confounding","score":0.996999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/confounder-adjustment","display_name":"confounding adjustment","score":0.8059999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/observational-studies","display_name":"observational studies","score":0.6000000238418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/2-2-contingency-tables","display_name":"2x2 contingency tables","score":0.8059999942779541}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77350462","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1125472","display_name":"Confounding","level":2,"score":0.9646016359329224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23131810","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q818574","display_name":"Observational study","level":2,"score":0.7375664710998535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.723732590675354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C156957248","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1862216","display_name":"Odds ratio","level":2,"score":0.5672517418861389},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143095724","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q515895","display_name":"Odds","level":3,"score":0.4834233522415161},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.13783195614814758},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151956035","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1132755","display_name":"Logistic regression","level":2,"score":0.11339226365089417}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:2754827","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://europepmc.org/articles/PMC3755849","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:24009920","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24009920","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Caspian journal of internal medicine","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:3755849","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3755849/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Caspian J Intern Med","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"mag:210740920","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24009920","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"PubMed","raw_type":null},{"id":"mag:2299594399","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.sid.ir/En/Journal/ViewPaper.aspx?ID=259887","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:2754827","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://europepmc.org/articles/PMC3755849","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.8048999905586243}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":26,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W40005850","https://openalex.org/W53587440","https://openalex.org/W1870364053","https://openalex.org/W1968632832","https://openalex.org/W1973948212","https://openalex.org/W1989377468","https://openalex.org/W1995220528","https://openalex.org/W1996016456","https://openalex.org/W2009618221","https://openalex.org/W2011682730","https://openalex.org/W2022211849","https://openalex.org/W2036224327","https://openalex.org/W2036782415","https://openalex.org/W2042606856","https://openalex.org/W2079519145","https://openalex.org/W2082893943","https://openalex.org/W2082995348","https://openalex.org/W2098314489","https://openalex.org/W2103592747","https://openalex.org/W2136416608","https://openalex.org/W2145731452","https://openalex.org/W2150000105","https://openalex.org/W2151688269","https://openalex.org/W2159793007","https://openalex.org/W2401682123","https://openalex.org/W2495221542"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2503931704","https://openalex.org/W2994176440","https://openalex.org/W6985777844","https://openalex.org/W4249449352","https://openalex.org/W4210663430","https://openalex.org/W2669214025","https://openalex.org/W2011682730","https://openalex.org/W2069756534","https://openalex.org/W7099972027","https://openalex.org/W2076193766"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Confounding":[0],"can":[1],"be":[2,90],"thought":[3],"of":[4,9,14,24,37,41,58,87,99,114,119],"as":[5,27],"mixing":[6],"the":[7,12,22,85],"effect":[8],"exposure":[10,45],"on":[11],"risk":[13,28],"disease":[15,47],"with":[16,43,81],"a":[17,54],"third":[18],"factor":[19],"which":[20],"distorts":[21],"measure":[23],"association":[25,88],"such":[26],"ratio":[29],"or":[30],"odds":[31],"ratio.":[32],"This":[33],"bias":[34],"arises":[35],"because":[36],"complex":[38],"functional":[39],"relationship":[40],"confounder":[42],"both":[44],"and":[46,69,101,112],"(outcome).":[48],"In":[49],"this":[50],"article,":[51],"we":[52],"provided":[53],"conceptual":[55],"framework":[56],"review":[57],"confounding":[59,93,100,105,120],"issues":[60,106],"in":[61,64,66,76,104],"epidemiologic":[62],"studies,":[63],"particular":[65],"observational":[67],"studies":[68],"nonrandomized":[70],"experimental":[71],"studies.":[72],"We":[73],"have":[74,107,121],"shown":[75],"2":[77,79],"by":[78],"tables":[80],"analytical":[82],"examples":[83],"how":[84],"index":[86],"will":[89],"distorted":[91],"when":[92],"is":[94],"present.":[95],"The":[96,110],"criteria,":[97],"source":[98],"several":[102,115],"points":[103],"been":[108,122],"addressed.":[109],"advantages":[111],"disadvantages":[113],"strategies":[116],"for":[117],"control":[118],"discussed.":[123]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-11-10T11:39:43.021295","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
