{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2107291333","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1139/z99-082","title":"The relationship between forelimb morphology and behaviour in North American carnivores (Carnivora)","display_name":"The relationship between forelimb morphology and behaviour in North American carnivores (Carnivora)","publication_year":1999,"publication_date":"1999-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2107291333","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1139/z99-082","mag":"2107291333"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1139/z99-082","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1139/z99-082","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1139/z99-082","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S146329739","display_name":"Canadian Journal of Zoology","issn_l":"0008-4301","issn":["0008-4301","1480-3283"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310312929","host_organization_name":"Canadian Science Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310312929"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Canadian Science Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Canadian Journal of Zoology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081706469","display_name":"Andrew N. Iwaniuk","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9273-3655","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9273-3655"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andrew N. Iwaniuk","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017588714","display_name":"Sergio Marcello Pellis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1172-0658","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1172-0658"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sergio M. Pellis","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022434691","display_name":"Ian Q. Whishaw","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5288-9882","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5288-9882"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ian Q. Whishaw","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.9419,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":84,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.74776967,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"77","issue":"7","first_page":"1064","last_page":"1074"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11354","display_name":"Evolution and Paleontology Studies","score":0.6650000214576721,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1911","display_name":"Paleontology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11354","display_name":"Evolution and Paleontology Studies","score":0.6650000214576721,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1911","display_name":"Paleontology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13100","display_name":"Comparative Animal Anatomy Studies","score":0.2393999993801117,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2702","display_name":"Anatomy"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12417","display_name":"Morphological variations and asymmetry","score":0.07930000126361847,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1105","display_name":"Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/forelimb-morphology","display_name":"forelimb morphology","score":0.9769999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/arboreal-locomotion","display_name":"arboreal locomotion","score":0.9670000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vertebrate-predation","display_name":"vertebrate predation","score":0.996999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/brachial-index","display_name":"brachial index","score":0.9810000061988831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/olecranon-process","display_name":"olecranon process","score":0.996999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/allometry","display_name":"allometry","score":0.5170000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phylogenetic-correction","display_name":"phylogenetic correction","score":0.6610000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/independent-contrasts","display_name":"independent contrasts","score":0.6399999856948853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feeding-behaviour","display_name":"feeding behaviour","score":0.5630000233650208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/prey-capture","display_name":"prey capture","score":0.6859999895095825}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82161046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q767024","display_name":"Arboreal locomotion","level":3,"score":0.9215640425682068},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778646069","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5468632","display_name":"Forelimb","level":2,"score":0.8864957094192505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.8564807772636414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188382862","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170430","display_name":"Predation","level":2,"score":0.6969451904296875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778961482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25241","display_name":"Vertebrate","level":3,"score":0.6505559086799622},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142876473","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7234132","display_name":"Postcrania","level":3,"score":0.5053935050964355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90856448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q431","display_name":"Zoology","level":1,"score":0.4755896329879761},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105702510","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q514","display_name":"Anatomy","level":1,"score":0.30504798889160156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.29372864961624146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185933670","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52105","display_name":"Habitat","level":2,"score":0.13547283411026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71640776","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16521","display_name":"Taxon","level":2,"score":0.06310564279556274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1139/z99-082","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1139/z99-082","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1139/z99-082","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S146329739","display_name":"Canadian Journal of Zoology","issn_l":"0008-4301","issn":["0008-4301","1480-3283"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310312929","host_organization_name":"Canadian Science Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310312929"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Canadian Science Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Canadian Journal of Zoology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"doi:10.1139/cjz-77-7-1064","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1139/cjz-77-7-1064","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1139/cjz-77-7-1064","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S146329739","display_name":"Canadian Journal of Zoology","issn_l":"0008-4301","issn":["0008-4301","1480-3283"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310312929","host_organization_name":"Canadian Science Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310312929"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Canadian Science Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Canadian Journal of Zoology","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/01h531d29"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":69,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1488393970","https://openalex.org/W1524902829","https://openalex.org/W1547210880","https://openalex.org/W1965755088","https://openalex.org/W1968084361","https://openalex.org/W1972669630","https://openalex.org/W1973767709","https://openalex.org/W1979622315","https://openalex.org/W1982459787","https://openalex.org/W1982780440","https://openalex.org/W1983370499","https://openalex.org/W1987876821","https://openalex.org/W1989138692","https://openalex.org/W2002694482","https://openalex.org/W2005280781","https://openalex.org/W2010576720","https://openalex.org/W2011579509","https://openalex.org/W2011596926","https://openalex.org/W2013410948","https://openalex.org/W2015895084","https://openalex.org/W2016246049","https://openalex.org/W2018881443","https://openalex.org/W2022906952","https://openalex.org/W2028460700","https://openalex.org/W2029092220","https://openalex.org/W2029621558","https://openalex.org/W2033423511","https://openalex.org/W2034420229","https://openalex.org/W2037173572","https://openalex.org/W2037761389","https://openalex.org/W2050078443","https://openalex.org/W2050178912","https://openalex.org/W2054362623","https://openalex.org/W2056710643","https://openalex.org/W2058715497","https://openalex.org/W2069291438","https://openalex.org/W2069716985","https://openalex.org/W2075022590","https://openalex.org/W2088262090","https://openalex.org/W2092253288","https://openalex.org/W2093914453","https://openalex.org/W2105758666","https://openalex.org/W2106848542","https://openalex.org/W2135785897","https://openalex.org/W2136033364","https://openalex.org/W2138787677","https://openalex.org/W2313551698","https://openalex.org/W2313886170","https://openalex.org/W2317069210","https://openalex.org/W2319223448","https://openalex.org/W2320539407","https://openalex.org/W2323714530","https://openalex.org/W2325567700","https://openalex.org/W2326148642","https://openalex.org/W2329045515","https://openalex.org/W2329542613","https://openalex.org/W2334144581","https://openalex.org/W2335047312","https://openalex.org/W2485848624","https://openalex.org/W2506953279","https://openalex.org/W2589824006","https://openalex.org/W2625506629","https://openalex.org/W2801880861","https://openalex.org/W2943575505","https://openalex.org/W3081581194","https://openalex.org/W4230442496","https://openalex.org/W4232948591","https://openalex.org/W4241157747","https://openalex.org/W4249888098"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1482889707","https://openalex.org/W1983370499","https://openalex.org/W2264479761","https://openalex.org/W2023177417","https://openalex.org/W2067985773","https://openalex.org/W2941788472","https://openalex.org/W2075348805","https://openalex.org/W2008679057","https://openalex.org/W4246558792","https://openalex.org/W7030229709"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0],"tested":[1],"the":[2,17,37,44,71,90,96,112,118,136,139],"validity":[3],"of":[4,19,22,36,39,46,70,95,107,117,128,138,147,167],"previously":[5],"described":[6],"relationships":[7],"between":[8],"forelimb":[9,101,141],"structure":[10],"and":[11,33,41,49,65,81,99,110,121,149,154],"behaviour":[12,151,166],"in":[13,152,158],"mammals":[14],"by":[15],"measuring":[16],"forelimbs":[18],"22":[20],"species":[21],"North":[23],"American":[24],"carnivores.":[25],"Nine":[26],"ratios":[27,54,73],"were":[28,55],"calculated":[29],"from":[30],"these":[31],"measurements":[32],"made":[34],"independent":[35,50],"effects":[38],"allometry":[40],"phylogeny":[42],"through":[43],"use":[45],"log-transformed":[47],"regressions":[48],"contrasts":[51],"analysis.":[52],"The":[53,131],"then":[56],"directly":[57],"compared":[58],"with":[59,78,83,160],"two":[60],"behavioural":[61],"traits:":[62],"arboreal":[63,79,108],"locomotion":[64,80],"vertebrate":[66,84,129],"predation.":[67,85,130],"Only":[68],"five":[69],"nine":[72],"exhibited":[74],"a":[75],"significant":[76],"relationship":[77],"three":[82],"It":[86],"was":[87],"concluded":[88],"that":[89,111,135],"brachial":[91,113],"index,":[92,114],"relative":[93,115],"size":[94,116],"olecranon":[97,119],"process,":[98,120],"total":[100],"robusticity":[102,123],"may":[103,124,142],"be":[104,125,143,156],"reliable":[105],"predictors":[106,127],"locomotion,":[109],"radial":[122],"accurate":[126],"data":[132],"also":[133],"suggest":[134],"morphology":[137],"lower":[140],"an":[144],"important":[145],"indicator":[146],"prey-capture":[148],"feeding":[150],"carnivores":[153],"could":[155],"used":[157],"conjunction":[159],"craniodental":[161],"variables":[162],"to":[163],"extrapolate":[164],"predatory":[165],"extinct":[168],"species.":[169]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-11-08T12:12:28.789561","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}