{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2106908061","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5915.1993.tb00467.x","title":"Labor Utilization Effects of Labor Scheduling Flexibility Alternatives in a Tour Scheduling Environment","display_name":"Labor Utilization Effects of Labor Scheduling Flexibility Alternatives in a Tour Scheduling Environment","publication_year":1993,"publication_date":"1993-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2106908061","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5915.1993.tb00467.x","mag":"2106908061"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1111/j.1540-5915.1993.tb00467.x","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5915.1993.tb00467.x","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5915.1993.tb00467.x","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S177792750","display_name":"Decision Sciences","issn_l":"0011-7315","issn":["0011-7315","1540-5915"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","fnege-2","jufo-2","norway-2","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Decision Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041916269","display_name":"Larry W. Jacobs","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102502594","display_name":"Northern Illinois University","ror":"https://ror.org/012wxa772","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102502594"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Larry W. Jacobs","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Operations Management and Information Systems, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL 60115","Larry W. Jacobs is Assistant Professor in the Operations Management and Information Systems Department in the College of Business, Northern Illinois University. He received his Ph.D. in business administration from The Florida State University. Dr. Jacobs' research has been published, or is forthcoming, in International Journal of Operations and Production Management, International Journal of Service Industry Management, Naval Research Logistics, Management Science, Journal of the Operational Research Society and other journals. His current research interests are centered in service operations management"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Operations Management and Information Systems, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL 60115","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102502594"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Larry W. Jacobs is Assistant Professor in the Operations Management and Information Systems Department in the College of Business, Northern Illinois University. He received his Ph.D. in business administration from The Florida State University. Dr. Jacobs' research has been published, or is forthcoming, in International Journal of Operations and Production Management, International Journal of Service Industry Management, Naval Research Logistics, Management Science, Journal of the Operational Research Society and other journals. His current research interests are centered in service operations management","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102502594"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061593988","display_name":"Stephen E. Bechtold","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I103163165","display_name":"Florida State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05g3dte14","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I103163165"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I592451","display_name":"Indiana University","ror":"https://ror.org/01kg8sb98","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I592451"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stephen E. Bechtold","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information and Management Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32308","Stephen E. Bechtold is Professor of Management Science and Operations Management in the College of Business, Florida State University. He received his B.S. (electrical engineering) from Purdue University, and his M.B.A. (finance) and D.B.A. (management science and operations management) from Indiana University. Dr. Bechtold's previous research has been published, or is forthcoming, in Decision Sciences, European Journal of Operational Research, International Journal of Operations and Production Management, International Journal of Service Industry Management, Management Science, Operations Research and other journals. His research interests are focused primarily upon the staffing and scheduling of employees in service operations. Dr. Bechtold currently serves on the Editorial Advisory Board for the International Journal of Service Industry Management , and also on the Editorial Review Boards for the Journal of Operations Management and Production and Operations Management "],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information and Management Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32308","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I103163165"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stephen E. Bechtold is Professor of Management Science and Operations Management in the College of Business, Florida State University. He received his B.S. (electrical engineering) from Purdue University, and his M.B.A. (finance) and D.B.A. (management science and operations management) from Indiana University. Dr. Bechtold's previous research has been published, or is forthcoming, in Decision Sciences, European Journal of Operational Research, International Journal of Operations and Production Management, International Journal of Service Industry Management, Management Science, Operations Research and other journals. His research interests are focused primarily upon the staffing and scheduling of employees in service operations. Dr. Bechtold currently serves on the Editorial Advisory Board for the International Journal of Service Industry Management , and also on the Editorial Review Boards for the Journal of Operations Management and Production and Operations Management ","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I103163165","https://openalex.org/I592451"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":3090,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3090},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.8459,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":39,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95678607,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"24","issue":"1","first_page":"148","last_page":"166"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12401","display_name":"Scheduling and Timetabling Solutions","score":0.9818999767303467,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12401","display_name":"Scheduling and Timetabling Solutions","score":0.9818999767303467,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11773","display_name":"Healthcare Operations and Scheduling Optimization","score":0.011300000362098217,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3604","display_name":"Emergency Medical Services"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10567","display_name":"Vehicle Routing Optimization Methods","score":0.0008999999845400453,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/labor-use","display_name":"labor utilization","score":0.9879999756813049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tour-scheduling","display_name":"tour scheduling","score":0.9769999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/service-operations-management","display_name":"service operations management","score":0.9129999876022339}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206729178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2271896","display_name":"Scheduling (production processes)","level":2,"score":0.6064296960830688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68387754","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7271585","display_name":"Schedule","level":2,"score":0.6036925315856934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780598303","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q65921492","display_name":"Flexibility (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.593876838684082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5046330690383911},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21547014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423657","display_name":"Operations management","level":1,"score":0.4671608507633209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3020572553","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5280351","display_name":"Labor cost","level":2,"score":0.4251854121685028},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42475967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194292","display_name":"Operations research","level":1,"score":0.3844408094882965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145236788","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28161","display_name":"Labour economics","level":1,"score":0.3753931522369385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.2927044630050659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.14279863238334656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1111/j.1540-5915.1993.tb00467.x","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5915.1993.tb00467.x","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5915.1993.tb00467.x","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S177792750","display_name":"Decision Sciences","issn_l":"0011-7315","issn":["0011-7315","1540-5915"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","fnege-2","jufo-2","norway-2","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Decision Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.833299994468689,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","display_name":"Decent work and economic growth"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"score":0.7099999785423279,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","display_name":"Decent work and economic growth"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":27,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1562101470","https://openalex.org/W1968226729","https://openalex.org/W1979255692","https://openalex.org/W1980557569","https://openalex.org/W1986415735","https://openalex.org/W1988249480","https://openalex.org/W1989159459","https://openalex.org/W2008926361","https://openalex.org/W2018961355","https://openalex.org/W2028087299","https://openalex.org/W2031611379","https://openalex.org/W2052356616","https://openalex.org/W2056872358","https://openalex.org/W2064613786","https://openalex.org/W2067797376","https://openalex.org/W2083141051","https://openalex.org/W2083780209","https://openalex.org/W2097992856","https://openalex.org/W2101013308","https://openalex.org/W2106056125","https://openalex.org/W2107448329","https://openalex.org/W2108752266","https://openalex.org/W2128010093","https://openalex.org/W2138784968","https://openalex.org/W2151943693","https://openalex.org/W2160928238","https://openalex.org/W2522167045"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7112935075","https://openalex.org/W1986415735","https://openalex.org/W604143621","https://openalex.org/W1971439793","https://openalex.org/W1978649724","https://openalex.org/W2596574234","https://openalex.org/W2089857932","https://openalex.org/W2018961355","https://openalex.org/W2031611379","https://openalex.org/W2239872311"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"ABSTRACT":[0],"This":[1],"study":[2],"used":[3],"a":[4,9,18,33,68,141],"factorial":[5],"experimental":[6],"design":[7],"and":[8,25,39,174],"new":[10],"modeling":[11],"methodology":[12],"to":[13,44,61,124,139],"investigate":[14],"the":[15,62,103,120,127,165],"impact":[16],"of":[17,20,64,105,167],"number":[19,63],"labor":[21,26,30,50,54,76,80,93,99,134,146,156,160],"scheduling":[22,35],"flexibility":[23,38,41],"alternatives":[24],"requirements":[27,81,106],"characteristics":[28],"on":[29,145],"utilization":[31,51,77,94,147,157],"within":[32],"tour":[34,69],"environment.":[36],"Break\u2010placement":[37],"shift\u2010length":[40],"were":[42,152],"found":[43,117,138],"be":[45],"extremely":[46],"effective":[47],"in":[48,67,72,75,92,131],"improving":[49],"for":[52,78,97,107,158,170,177],"all":[53,79,159],"requirement":[55,100,135,161],"distributions":[56,82],"used.":[57],"Flexibility":[58],"with":[59,154],"respect":[60],"days":[65,109,129,151],"included":[66,130],"schedule":[70],"resulted":[71],"substantial":[73],"improvement":[74,91,115],"exhibiting":[83],"daily":[84],"and/or":[85],"weekly":[86],"variation.":[87],"Surprisingly,":[88],"virtually":[89],"no":[90,114],"was":[95,116,137],"achieved":[96],"any":[98],"distribution":[101],"by":[102,118],"removal":[104],"consecutive":[108],"off.":[110],"In":[111],"addition,":[112],"almost":[113],"allowing":[119],"shift":[121],"start":[122],"time":[123],"vary":[125],"across":[126],"working":[128],"tours.":[132],"High":[133],"amplitude":[136],"have":[140],"strong":[142],"adverse":[143],"effect":[144],"while":[148],"longer":[149],"operational":[150],"associated":[153],"improved":[155],"distributions.":[162],"We":[163],"discuss":[164],"implications":[166],"these":[168],"results":[169],"service":[171],"operations":[172],"management":[173],"provide":[175],"suggestions":[176],"future":[178],"research.":[179]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-10-30T12:39:25.321706","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}