{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2106399863","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2143/ast.26.2.563223","title":"An Extension of Mack's Model for the Chain Ladder Method","display_name":"An Extension of Mack's Model for the Chain Ladder Method","publication_year":1996,"publication_date":"1996-11-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2106399863","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2143/ast.26.2.563223","mag":"2106399863"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.2143/ast.26.2.563223","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2143/ast.26.2.563223","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2143/ast.26.2.563223","pdf_url":"https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/38DC636427FD77C6CEEA1B51F5300B78/S051503610000338Xa.pdf/div-class-title-an-extension-of-mack-s-model-for-the-chain-ladder-method-div.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S92223472","display_name":"Astin Bulletin","issn_l":"0515-0361","issn":["0515-0361","1783-1350"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","erih-plus","fnege-3","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311721","host_organization_name":"Cambridge University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311721","https://openalex.org/P4310311702"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cambridge University Press","University of Cambridge"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ASTIN Bulletin","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/38DC636427FD77C6CEEA1B51F5300B78/S051503610000338Xa.pdf/div-class-title-an-extension-of-mack-s-model-for-the-chain-ladder-method-div.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041359385","display_name":"Klaus Dieter Schmidt","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9114-4090","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9114-4090"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Klaus D. Schmidt","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080394316","display_name":"Anja Schnaus","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anja Schnaus","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":3550,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3550},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.1757,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":26,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"26","issue":"2","first_page":"247","last_page":"262"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11720","display_name":"Probability and Risk Models","score":0.9907000064849854,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11720","display_name":"Probability and Risk Models","score":0.9907000064849854,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12011","display_name":"Insurance, Mortality, Demography, Risk Management","score":0.004600000102072954,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3317","display_name":"Demography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12394","display_name":"Insurance and Financial Risk Management","score":0.0012000000569969416,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chain-ladder-method","display_name":"chain ladder method","score":0.996999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/loss-reserving","display_name":"loss reserving","score":0.9660000205039978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decision-theory","display_name":"decision theory","score":0.8420000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/development-factors","display_name":"development factors","score":0.6769999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aggregate-claims","display_name":"aggregate claims","score":0.5440000295639038}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778029271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5421931","display_name":"Extension (predicate logic)","level":2,"score":0.7820070385932922},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4679612","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q866298","display_name":"Aggregate (composite)","level":2,"score":0.7373971939086914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32848918","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q845789","display_name":"Observable","level":2,"score":0.7179049849510193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199185054","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q552299","display_name":"Chain (unit)","level":2,"score":0.7123961448669434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780586882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7520643","display_name":"Simple (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.673608660697937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144237770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q747534","display_name":"Mathematical economics","level":1,"score":0.535179078578949},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149782125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039","display_name":"Econometrics","level":1,"score":0.49974775314331055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186215838","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q772232","display_name":"Conditional expectation","level":2,"score":0.49504342675209045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4336715638637543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.3819408416748047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.36431431770324707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.3619915843009949},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28826006","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33521","display_name":"Applied mathematics","level":1,"score":0.35773229598999023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.06989556550979614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.06595972180366516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.05720829963684082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1276947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333","display_name":"Astronomy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.2143/ast.26.2.563223","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2143/ast.26.2.563223","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2143/ast.26.2.563223","pdf_url":"https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/38DC636427FD77C6CEEA1B51F5300B78/S051503610000338Xa.pdf/div-class-title-an-extension-of-mack-s-model-for-the-chain-ladder-method-div.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S92223472","display_name":"Astin Bulletin","issn_l":"0515-0361","issn":["0515-0361","1783-1350"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","erih-plus","fnege-3","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311721","host_organization_name":"Cambridge University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311721","https://openalex.org/P4310311702"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cambridge University Press","University of Cambridge"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ASTIN Bulletin","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.532.7781","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.532.7781","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"https://www.casact.org/library/astin/vol26no2/247.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:cup:astinb:v:26:y:1996:i:02:p:247-262_00","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S051503610000338X/type/journal_article","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:ub-madoc.bib.uni-mannheim.de:51018","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/astin-bulletin-journal-of-the-iaa/article/an-extension-of-macks-model-for-the-chain-ladder-method/38DC636427FD77C6CEEA1B51F5300B78","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196315","display_name":"MADOC (University of Mannheim)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I177802217","host_organization_name":"University of Mannheim","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177802217"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Zeitschriftenartikel"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.2143/ast.26.2.563223","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2143/ast.26.2.563223","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2143/ast.26.2.563223","pdf_url":"https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/38DC636427FD77C6CEEA1B51F5300B78/S051503610000338Xa.pdf/div-class-title-an-extension-of-mack-s-model-for-the-chain-ladder-method-div.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S92223472","display_name":"Astin Bulletin","issn_l":"0515-0361","issn":["0515-0361","1783-1350"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","erih-plus","fnege-3","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311721","host_organization_name":"Cambridge University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311721","https://openalex.org/P4310311702"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cambridge University Press","University of Cambridge"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ASTIN Bulletin","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2106399863.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2106399863.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":4,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1987318393","https://openalex.org/W2058218656","https://openalex.org/W2134548066","https://openalex.org/W4249837405"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2087499874","https://openalex.org/W2541845002","https://openalex.org/W3121918508","https://openalex.org/W138253319","https://openalex.org/W7100268457","https://openalex.org/W2364023545","https://openalex.org/W2081284461","https://openalex.org/W123953718","https://openalex.org/W2114657589","https://openalex.org/W2053467329"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"The":[1,45,63],"chain":[2,71,85,108],"ladder":[3,72,86,109],"method":[4],"is":[5],"a":[6,25,55,59,103],"simple":[7],"and":[8,14,35,53,80],"suggestive":[9],"tool":[10],"in":[11,24,58,105],"claims":[12,90,114],"reserving,":[13],"various":[15],"attempts":[16],"have":[17],"been":[18,31],"made":[19],"aiming":[20],"at":[21,91],"its":[22],"justification":[23],"stochastic":[26],"model.":[27],"Remarkable":[28],"progress":[29],"has":[30],"achieved":[32],"by":[33],"Schnieper":[34],"Mack":[36,52],"who":[37],"considered":[38],"models":[39],"involving":[40],"assumptions":[41],"on":[42],"conditional":[43],"distributions.":[44],"present":[46,102],"paper":[47],"extends":[48],"the":[49,70,84,92,95,107],"model":[50,57,64,104],"of":[51,69,76,83,88,94,111],"proposes":[54],"basic":[56],"decision":[60],"theoretic":[61],"setting.":[62],"allows":[65],"to":[66,117],"characterize":[67],"optimality":[68,82],"factors":[73,79],"as":[74],"predictors":[75,87],"non-observable":[77,97],"development":[78],"hence":[81],"aggregate":[89,113],"end":[93],"first":[96],"calendar":[98],"year.":[99],"We":[100],"also":[101],"which":[106],"predictor":[110],"ultimate":[112],"turns":[115],"out":[116],"be":[118],"unbiased.":[119]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}