{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2106374332","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/heapol/17.3.322","title":"Methods for pre-testing and piloting survey questions: illustrations from the KENQOL survey of health-related quality of life","display_name":"Methods for pre-testing and piloting survey questions: illustrations from the KENQOL survey of health-related quality of life","publication_year":2002,"publication_date":"2002-07-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2106374332","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/heapol/17.3.322","mag":"2106374332","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12135999"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1093/heapol/17.3.322","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/heapol/17.3.322","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/heapol/17.3.322","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S155125020","display_name":"Health Policy and Planning","issn_l":"0268-1080","issn":["0268-1080","1460-2237"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-b","fnege-4","jufo-2","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Health Policy and Planning","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089396862","display_name":"A. Bowden","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210089966","display_name":"London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine","ror":"https://ror.org/00a0jsq62","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I4210089966"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"A Bowden","raw_affiliation_strings":["Health Policy Unit, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, UK","Health Policy Unit, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Health Policy Unit, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210089966"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Health Policy Unit, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210089966"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5089396862"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210089966"],"apc_list":{"value":2423,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":3195},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.9465,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":174,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95163274,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"17","issue":"3","first_page":"322","last_page":"330"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11539","display_name":"Survey Methodology and Nonresponse","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11539","display_name":"Survey Methodology and Nonresponse","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13117","display_name":"Health Education and Validation","score":0.0013000000035390258,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10804","display_name":"Health Systems, Economic Evaluations, Quality of Life","score":0.00039999998989515007,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/health-related-quality-of-life","display_name":"health-related quality of life","score":0.9169999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/questionnaire-validity","display_name":"questionnaire validity","score":0.6539999842643738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/question-wording","display_name":"question wording","score":0.3880000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/connotation","display_name":"connotation","score":0.7049999833106995}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776640315","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7315941","display_name":"Respondent","level":2,"score":0.7860344648361206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40422974","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q741248","display_name":"Assertion","level":2,"score":0.6288782358169556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780876879","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3054749","display_name":"Meaning (existential)","level":2,"score":0.5751229524612427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100660578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18733","display_name":"Recall","level":2,"score":0.5655230283737183},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43214815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310987","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","level":3,"score":0.5603090524673462},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.5543649196624756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779530757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.5115174055099487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C527412718","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q855395","display_name":"Interpretation (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.4766008257865906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75630572","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q538904","display_name":"Applied psychology","level":1,"score":0.4740702211856842},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554936623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199657","display_name":"Reading (process)","level":2,"score":0.44652819633483887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3140665888786316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.15351882576942444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.14018341898918152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.07121774554252625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C542102704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183257","display_name":"Psychotherapist","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006306","descriptor_name":"Health Surveys","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007407","descriptor_name":"Interviews as Topic","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011594","descriptor_name":"Psychometrics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011788","descriptor_name":"Quality of Life","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D011795","descriptor_name":"Surveys and Questionnaires","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012649","descriptor_name":"Self Concept","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015203","descriptor_name":"Reproducibility of Results","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D030141","descriptor_name":"Feedback, Psychological","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1093/heapol/17.3.322","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/heapol/17.3.322","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/heapol/17.3.322","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S155125020","display_name":"Health Policy and Planning","issn_l":"0268-1080","issn":["0268-1080","1460-2237"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-b","fnege-4","jufo-2","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Health Policy and Planning","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:12135999","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12135999","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Health policy and planning","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:researchonline.lshtm.ac.uk:16806","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://researchonline.lshtm.ac.uk/id/eprint/16806/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402527","display_name":"LSHTM Research Online (London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210089966","host_organization_name":"London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210089966"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.46810001134872437,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320311430","display_name":"London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine","ror":"https://ror.org/00a0jsq62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334630","display_name":"Economic and Social Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/03n0ht308"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":22,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W144947843","https://openalex.org/W156335384","https://openalex.org/W607048402","https://openalex.org/W1512295182","https://openalex.org/W1527264370","https://openalex.org/W1587877887","https://openalex.org/W1597676647","https://openalex.org/W1600562067","https://openalex.org/W1987604705","https://openalex.org/W1989138972","https://openalex.org/W2010189956","https://openalex.org/W2016221228","https://openalex.org/W2016976740","https://openalex.org/W2044726132","https://openalex.org/W2075628824","https://openalex.org/W2131192446","https://openalex.org/W2132609056","https://openalex.org/W2146931824","https://openalex.org/W2150377764","https://openalex.org/W2177735101","https://openalex.org/W2182639100","https://openalex.org/W2322069134"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1842236113","https://openalex.org/W1581733338","https://openalex.org/W3158347030","https://openalex.org/W2071305563","https://openalex.org/W7095827100","https://openalex.org/W7204498150","https://openalex.org/W2117891525","https://openalex.org/W4415783371","https://openalex.org/W4205810762","https://openalex.org/W2019967805"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Part":[0],"of":[1,13,21,37,40,51,94,113,124,137,145],"the":[2,11,27,32,48,64,92,100,107,118,122,127,135],"assertion":[3],"that":[4,70],"any":[5],"survey":[6,88,95],"researcher":[7],"can":[8],"make":[9,131],"about":[10],"validity":[12],"their":[14,24,162],"results":[15],"needs":[16],"to":[17,44,55,84,90,120,130,157],"contain":[18],"an":[19],"analysis":[20],"questions":[22,139],"and":[23,35,86,110,134,149],"responses":[25],"from":[26,99],"respondent's":[28],"viewpoint.":[29],"Claims":[30],"concerning":[31],"validity,":[33],"reliability":[34],"sensitivity":[36],"health-related":[38],"quality":[39],"life":[41],"measures":[42],"tend":[43],"be":[45],"based":[46,140],"on":[47,141],"quantitative":[49],"approach":[50],"psychometrics,":[52],"which":[53],"fails":[54],"identify":[56],"when":[57],"respondents:":[58],"misinterpret":[59],"questions;":[60],"do":[61],"not":[62],"recall":[63],"information":[65],"requested;":[66],"or":[67,76],"give":[68],"answers":[69],"present":[71],"themselves":[72],"in":[73],"a":[74,159],"better":[75],"worse":[77],"light.":[78],"The":[79,103,143],"paper":[80,104],"presents":[81],"some":[82],"approaches":[83],"pre-testing":[85],"piloting":[87,146],"questionnaires":[89],"check":[91],"interpretation":[93],"questions,":[96],"using":[97],"illustrations":[98],"KENQOL":[101],"project.":[102],"describes:":[105],"how":[106],"intended":[108],"referential":[109],"connotative":[111],"meaning":[112],"each":[114,125],"question":[115],"was":[116],"established;":[117],"criteria":[119],"judge":[121],"appropriateness":[123],"question;":[126],"methods":[128],"used":[129],"those":[132],"judgements;":[133],"process":[136],"reviewing":[138],"findings.":[142],"role":[144],"is":[147,152],"highlighted,":[148],"further":[150],"reading":[151],"suggested":[153],"for":[154,161],"readers":[155],"wishing":[156],"develop":[158],"model":[160],"own":[163],"investigation.":[164]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":21},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}