{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2106035205","doi":"https://doi.org/10.15779/z38nm6w","title":"An Estoppel Doctrine for Patented Standards","display_name":"An Estoppel Doctrine for Patented Standards","publication_year":2009,"publication_date":"2009-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2106035205","doi":"https://doi.org/10.15779/z38nm6w","mag":"2106035205"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:escholarship.org/ark:/13030/qt7mp748jm","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7mp748jm","pdf_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7mp748jm","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400115","display_name":"eScholarship (California Digital Library)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2801248553","host_organization_name":"California Digital Library","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801248553"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"public-domain","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/public-domain","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7mp748jm","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057370182","display_name":"Robert P. Merges","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95457486","display_name":"University of California, Berkeley","ror":"https://ror.org/01an7q238","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Merges, Robert P.; Kuhn, Jeffery M.","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California, Berkeley, School of Law"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California, Berkeley, School of Law","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5057370182"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.6067,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":16,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89871873,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":87,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"97","issue":"1","first_page":"1","last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10856","display_name":"Intellectual Property and Patents","score":0.6689000129699707,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1405","display_name":"Management of Technology and Innovation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10856","display_name":"Intellectual Property and Patents","score":0.6689000129699707,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1405","display_name":"Management of Technology and Innovation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13842","display_name":"Intellectual Property Law","score":0.3181000053882599,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11437","display_name":"Digital Platforms and Economics","score":0.0034000000450760126,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1408","display_name":"Strategy and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/patent-law","display_name":"patent law","score":0.4909999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reliance-interest","display_name":"reliance interest","score":0.6050000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/laches","display_name":"Laches","score":0.6639999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/waiver","display_name":"waiver","score":0.5910000205039978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/patent-misuse","display_name":"patent abuse","score":0.9480000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/competition-law","display_name":"competition law","score":0.9309999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-industries","display_name":"network industries","score":0.6769999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/innovation","display_name":"innovation","score":0.4129999876022339}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C69677690","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1142833","display_name":"Estoppel","level":3,"score":0.8934803605079651},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776211767","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q117850","display_name":"Doctrine","level":2,"score":0.66569584608078},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190253527","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q295354","display_name":"Law and economics","level":1,"score":0.523094654083252},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780586882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7520643","display_name":"Simple (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.4519587755203247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.44826894998550415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34974158","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131257","display_name":"Intellectual property","level":2,"score":0.42361706495285034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777029862","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7144498","display_name":"Patent infringement","level":3,"score":0.4207843840122223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40422974","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q741248","display_name":"Assertion","level":2,"score":0.41307732462882996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.3052957057952881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.30353599786758423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.26423007249832153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.25588828325271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":11,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:escholarship.org/ark:/13030/qt7mp748jm","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7mp748jm","pdf_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7mp748jm","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400115","display_name":"eScholarship (California Digital Library)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2801248553","host_organization_name":"California Digital Library","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801248553"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"public-domain","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/public-domain","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:escholarship.org/ark:/13030/qt8kn8r6zs","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8kn8r6zs","pdf_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8kn8r6zs","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400115","display_name":"eScholarship (California Digital Library)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2801248553","host_organization_name":"California Digital Library","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801248553"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"public-domain","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/public-domain","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:qt8kn8r6zs","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/8kn8r6zs","pdf_url":"http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/8kn8r6zs","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400115","display_name":"eScholarship (California Digital Library)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2801248553","host_organization_name":"California Digital Library","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801248553"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"public-domain","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/public-domain","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Merges, Robert P; & Kuhn, Jeffrey. (2008). An Estoppel Doctrine for Patented Standards. Berkeley Center for Law and Technology. UC Berkeley: Retrieved from: http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/8kn8r6zs","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:scholarship.law.berkeley.edu:californialawreview-1148","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://scholarship.law.berkeley.edu/californialawreview/vol97/iss1/1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407064349","display_name":"bepress Legal Repository","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"California Law Review","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:scholarship.law.berkeley.edu:facpubs-2747","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://scholarship.law.berkeley.edu/facpubs/1747","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407064349","display_name":"bepress Legal Repository","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Faculty Scholarship","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"mag:2106035205","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1134000","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172589","display_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","issn_l":"1556-5068","issn":["1556-5068"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1318003438","host_organization_name":"RELX Group (Netherlands)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1318003438"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:works.bepress.com:robert_merges-1004","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://works.bepress.com/robert_merges/5","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196581","display_name":"Berkley Law Scholarship Repository (University of California, Berkeley)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I95457486","host_organization_name":"University of California, Berkeley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Robert P Merges","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:works.bepress.com:robert_merges-1009","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://works.bepress.com/robert_merges/10","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196581","display_name":"Berkley Law Scholarship Repository (University of California, Berkeley)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I95457486","host_organization_name":"University of California, Berkeley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Robert P Merges","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:qt7mp748jm","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/7mp748jm","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400115","display_name":"eScholarship (California Digital Library)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2801248553","host_organization_name":"California Digital Library","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801248553"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Merges, Robert P; & Kuhn, Jeffrey M.(2008). An Estoppel Doctrine for Patented Standards. Berkeley Center for Law and Technology. UC Berkeley: Retrieved from: http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/7mp748jm","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"doi:10.15779/z38nm6w","doi":"https://doi.org/10.15779/z38nm6w","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.15779/z38nm6w","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407050879","display_name":"UC Berkeley","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I95457486","host_organization_name":"University of California, Berkeley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article-journal"},{"id":"mag:3122385551","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://escholarship.org/content/qt7mp748jm/qt7mp748jm.pdf?t=krn6x3","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S172107878","display_name":"California Law Review","issn_l":"0008-1221","issn":["0008-1221","1942-6542"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["jufo-2","norway-2","poland-200"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316106","host_organization_name":"UC Berkeley School of Law","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316106","https://openalex.org/P4310316198"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["UC Berkeley School of Law","University of California, Berkeley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"California Law Review","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:escholarship.org/ark:/13030/qt7mp748jm","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7mp748jm","pdf_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7mp748jm","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400115","display_name":"eScholarship (California Digital Library)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2801248553","host_organization_name":"California Digital Library","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801248553"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"public-domain","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/public-domain","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6773999929428101,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2106035205.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2106035205.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2766116239","https://openalex.org/W1556636617","https://openalex.org/W3124444053","https://openalex.org/W2230722669","https://openalex.org/W2780530893","https://openalex.org/W2772734057","https://openalex.org/W2582111313","https://openalex.org/W2109440099","https://openalex.org/W1616558938","https://openalex.org/W2246577916"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Technical":[0],"standards,":[1],"such":[2],"as":[3],"interface":[4],"protocols":[5],"or":[6,72],"file":[7],"formats,":[8],"are":[9],"extremely":[10],"important":[11],"in":[12,46,55,86,155,169,219,243,281],"the":[13,22,29,53,56,78,83,95,115,130,156,170,196,220,230,261,271],"\u201cnetwork":[14],"industries\u201d":[15],"that":[16,194],"add":[17],"so":[18],"much":[19],"value":[20],"to":[21,89,123,134,149,188,229,247,260],"world":[23],"economy":[24],"today.":[25],"Under":[26,158],"some":[27,239],"circumstances,":[28],"assertion":[30],"of":[31,109,129,145,165,172,192,198,273],"patent":[32,64,84,167,179,254,264],"rights":[33],"against":[34,127,270],"established":[35],"industry":[36],"standards":[37],"can":[38,266],"seriously":[39],"disrupt":[40],"these":[41,136],"network":[42,199,282],"industries.":[43,283],"We":[44,132],"have":[45],"mind":[47],"two":[48],"particularly":[49],"disruptive":[50],"tactics:":[51],"(1)":[52],"\u201csnake":[54],"grass,\u201d":[57],"whereby":[58],"a":[59,63,67,101,139,146,152,166,207,226],"patentee":[60,102],"intentionally":[61],"keeps":[62],"\u201cquiet\u201d":[65],"while":[66],"standard":[68,79,116,147],"is":[69,80,187,206],"being":[70],"designed":[71],"adopted,":[73],"and":[74,97,112,253],"then":[75],"later,":[76],"after":[77,114],"entrenched,":[81],"asserts":[82],"widely":[85],"an":[87],"attempt":[88],"capitalize":[90],"on":[91,211],"its":[92,125],"popularity;":[93],"(2)":[94],"\u201cbait":[96],"switch\u201d":[98],"ploy":[99],"where":[100],"encourages":[103],"adoption":[104,174],"by":[105],"offering":[106],"royaltyfree":[107],"use":[108],"standard-related":[110],"patents,":[111],"then,":[113],"has":[117],"gone":[118],"into":[119],"widespread":[120,173],"use,":[121],"begins":[122],"enforce":[124],"patents":[126,193],"adopters":[128,144],"standard.":[131,157],"propose":[133],"counteract":[135],"tactics":[137],"with":[138],"simple":[140,208],"solution:":[141],"over":[142],"time,":[143],"ought":[148],"build":[150],"up":[151],"\u201creliance":[153],"interest\u201d":[154],"our":[159],"approach\u2014which":[160],"we":[161,202],"call":[162],"\u201cstandards":[163,236],"estoppel\u201d\u2014non-assertion":[164],"right":[168],"presence":[171],"should":[175],"create":[176],"immunity":[177],"from":[178],"infringement.":[180],"The":[181],"fundamental":[182],"idea":[183],"behind":[184],"this":[185,205,225,257],"doctrine":[186,209],"prevent":[189],"\u201cstrategic\u201d":[190],"assertions":[191],"exploit":[195],"logic":[197],"\u201clock-in.\u201d":[200],"As":[201],"explain,":[203],"though":[204],"based":[210],"deeply":[212],"held":[213],"common":[214],"law":[215,265],"principles,":[216],"various":[217],"gaps":[218],"current":[221,244],"doctrinal":[222,262],"structure":[223],"make":[224],"necessary":[227],"addition":[228,259],"contemporary":[231],"legal":[232],"arsenal.":[233],"In":[234],"particular,":[235],"estoppel\u201d":[237],"plugs":[238],"dangerous":[240],"conceptual":[241],"holes":[242],"rules":[245],"relating":[246],"laches,":[248],"waiver,":[249],"estoppel,":[250],"implied":[251],"licensing,":[252],"misuse/antitrust.":[255],"With":[256],"modest":[258],"fabric,":[263],"more":[267,277],"effectively":[268,278],"guard":[269],"risk":[272],"illegitimate":[274],"leverage,":[275],"thus":[276],"fostering":[279],"innovation":[280]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}