{"id":"https://openalex.org/W21060259","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-04521-1_1","title":"Tariff Formation in a Democracy","display_name":"Tariff Formation in a Democracy","publication_year":1980,"publication_date":"1980-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W21060259","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-04521-1_1","mag":"21060259"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/978-1-349-04521-1_1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-04521-1_1","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-04521-1_1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306463716","display_name":"Palgrave Macmillan UK eBooks","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319703","host_organization_name":"Palgrave Macmillan","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319703","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Palgrave Macmillan","Springer Nature"],"type":"ebook platform"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Current Issues in Commercial Policy and Diplomacy","raw_type":"book-chapter"},"volume":{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2481107318","display_name":"Current Issues in Commercial Policy and Diplomacy"},"type":"book-chapter","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110161513","display_name":"William A. Brock","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"William A. Brock","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008705781","display_name":"Stephen P. Magee","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stephen P. Magee","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":6.6667,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":32,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94797688,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"9"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10128","display_name":"Global trade and economics","score":0.9746000170707703,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2000","display_name":"General Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10128","display_name":"Global trade and economics","score":0.9746000170707703,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2000","display_name":"General Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11621","display_name":"Fiscal Policies and Political Economy","score":0.00279999990016222,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13387","display_name":"Politics, Economics, and Education Policy","score":0.0024999999441206455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tariff-formation","display_name":"tariff formation","score":0.9909999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-economy-of-trade","display_name":"political economy of trade","score":0.6309999823570251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/democracy","display_name":"democracy","score":0.43700000643730164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-parties","display_name":"political parties","score":0.6240000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/protectionism","display_name":"protectionism","score":0.7239999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/two-party-competition","display_name":"two-party competition","score":0.4020000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trade-policy-change","display_name":"trade policy change","score":0.4009999930858612}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776060655","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52389","display_name":"Tariff","level":2,"score":0.9324504137039185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.71952223777771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555826173","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7174","display_name":"Democracy","level":3,"score":0.6756239533424377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.5740699768066406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110121322","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q865811","display_name":"Distribution (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.47788822650909424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.4293966591358185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.4195299744606018},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100001284","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2248246","display_name":"Public economics","level":1,"score":0.3859637379646301},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138921699","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47555","display_name":"Political economy","level":1,"score":0.3567783832550049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74363100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q273005","display_name":"Economic system","level":1,"score":0.35011038184165955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18547055","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47417","display_name":"International economics","level":1,"score":0.34469372034072876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190253527","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q295354","display_name":"Law and economics","level":1,"score":0.3325260877609253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.1083630621433258},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.06138908863067627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/978-1-349-04521-1_1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-04521-1_1","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-04521-1_1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306463716","display_name":"Palgrave Macmillan UK eBooks","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319703","host_organization_name":"Palgrave Macmillan","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319703","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Palgrave Macmillan","Springer Nature"],"type":"ebook platform"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Current Issues in Commercial Policy and Diplomacy","raw_type":"book-chapter"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8999999761581421,"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":5,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1586150123","https://openalex.org/W1587464408","https://openalex.org/W2029167274","https://openalex.org/W4238804080","https://openalex.org/W4298863114"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2268172369","https://openalex.org/W2908017347","https://openalex.org/W3141975210","https://openalex.org/W2423447854","https://openalex.org/W1505031008","https://openalex.org/W1505258914","https://openalex.org/W2244944740","https://openalex.org/W1488792619","https://openalex.org/W2002568783","https://openalex.org/W1581362039"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"International":[0],"economists":[1,25,35],"are":[2],"careful":[3],"to":[4,55],"avoid":[5,36],"explicit":[6],"consideration":[7],"of":[8,15,57,89,116,129,136],"the":[9,48,68,97,114,117,126,134],"political":[10,37,102,110,131],"process":[11],"in":[12,32,92,100,105],"their":[13],"analysis":[14],"international":[16,24],"commercial":[17],"policy.":[18],"This":[19],"behaviour":[20],"is":[21,62,82],"understandable":[22],"since":[23],"do":[26],"not":[27,53],"have":[28],"a":[29,41,63,83],"comparative":[30],"advantage":[31],"politics.":[33],"Most":[34],"considerations":[38],"by":[39],"assuming":[40],"\u2018national":[42],"interest\u2019":[43],"on":[44,133],"issues":[45],"such":[46],"as":[47],"tariff":[49,70,90],"(this":[50],"generalisation":[51],"does":[52],"apply":[54],"studies":[56],"distribution":[58],"effects).":[59],"While":[60],"this":[61,121],"justifiable":[64],"simplification":[65],"for":[66,87],"examining":[67],"optimum":[69],"and":[71],"perhaps":[72],"optimal":[73],"policies\u2014see,":[74],"inter":[75],"alia,":[76],"Bhagwati":[77],"(1971)\u2014the":[78],"national":[79],"interest":[80],"assumption":[81],"troubling":[84],"one,":[85],"particularly":[86],"discussions":[88],"changes":[91,104],"democracies.":[93],"It":[94],"conflicts":[95],"with":[96],"observation":[98],"that":[99],"competitive":[101],"systems,":[103],"policy":[106],"which":[107],"benefit":[108],"one":[109],"party":[111],"usually":[112],"hurt":[113],"interests":[115,128],"other":[118],"party.":[119],"In":[120],"paper,":[122],"we":[123],"consider":[124],"explicitly":[125],"opposing":[127],"two":[130],"parties":[132],"question":[135],"protection.":[137]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-16T09:59:22.235173","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
