{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2105872402","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-med-022613-090402","title":"Reduction of Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol by Monoclonal Antibody Inhibition of PCSK9","display_name":"Reduction of Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol by Monoclonal Antibody Inhibition of PCSK9","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-01-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2105872402","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-med-022613-090402","mag":"2105872402","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24422577"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1146/annurev-med-022613-090402","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-med-022613-090402","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-med-022613-090402","pdf_url":"https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/pdf/10.1146/annurev-med-022613-090402","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S16909082","display_name":"Annual Review of Medicine","issn_l":"0066-4219","issn":["0066-4219","1545-326X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-2","medline","norway-1","poland-200","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320373","host_organization_name":"Annual Reviews","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320373"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Annual Reviews"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Annual Review of Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"review","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/pdf/10.1146/annurev-med-022613-090402","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049272753","display_name":"Evan A. Stein","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7147-5394","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7147-5394"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63135867","display_name":"University of Cincinnati","ror":"https://ror.org/01e3m7079","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63135867"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Evan A. Stein","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45215;","Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45215; email:"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45215;","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63135867"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45215; email:","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63135867"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044425699","display_name":"Frederick Johan Raal","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9170-7938","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9170-7938"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I192619145","display_name":"University of the Witwatersrand","ror":"https://ror.org/03rp50x72","country_code":"ZA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I192619145"]}],"countries":["ZA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Frederick Raal","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa;","email: esteinmrl@aol.com"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa;","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I192619145"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"email: esteinmrl@aol.com","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.1627,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":91,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94701122,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"65","issue":"1","first_page":"417","last_page":"431"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10394","display_name":"Lipoproteins and Cardiovascular Health","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2705","display_name":"Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10394","display_name":"Lipoproteins and Cardiovascular Health","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2705","display_name":"Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11618","display_name":"Cholesterol and Lipid Metabolism","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1303","display_name":"Biochemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13430","display_name":"Lipid metabolism and disorders","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2705","display_name":"Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pcsk9-inhibition","display_name":"PCSK9 inhibition","score":0.878000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/monoclonal-antibodies","display_name":"monoclonal antibodies","score":0.9459999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ldl-cholesterol-lowering","display_name":"LDL cholesterol lowering","score":0.8119999766349792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ldl-receptor","display_name":"LDL receptor","score":0.4819999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statin-intolerance","display_name":"statin intolerance","score":0.8109999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rosuvastatin","display_name":"rosuvastatin","score":0.8410000205039978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cardiovascular-disease-risk-reduction","display_name":"cardiovascular disease risk reduction","score":0.746999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hypercholesterolemia","display_name":"hypercholesterolemia","score":0.7480000257492065}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780948078","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21130010","display_name":"PCSK9","level":5,"score":0.9644784331321716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780499067","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q415159","display_name":"Rosuvastatin","level":2,"score":0.8772788047790527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C542903549","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q422248","display_name":"Monoclonal antibody","level":3,"score":0.7343630790710449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.6869433522224426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43554185","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q425649","display_name":"LDL receptor","level":4,"score":0.5785258412361145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776839432","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q954845","display_name":"Statin","level":2,"score":0.5734922885894775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98274493","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128406","display_name":"Pharmacology","level":1,"score":0.5476155281066895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779620165","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28749","display_name":"Low-density lipoprotein","level":3,"score":0.5152983665466309},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163864487","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6901461","display_name":"Monoclonal","level":4,"score":0.4911205470561981},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778163477","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43656","display_name":"Cholesterol","level":2,"score":0.48965054750442505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159654299","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79460","display_name":"Antibody","level":2,"score":0.4761773943901062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C535046627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30612","display_name":"Clinical trial","level":2,"score":0.4619460701942444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.41863399744033813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780072125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28350","display_name":"Lipoprotein","level":3,"score":0.4140346646308899},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203014093","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101929","display_name":"Immunology","level":1,"score":0.2668340802192688}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000071449","descriptor_name":"Proprotein Convertase 9","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000818","descriptor_name":"Animals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000911","descriptor_name":"Antibodies, Monoclonal","qualifier_ui":"Q000009","qualifier_name":"adverse effects","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000911","descriptor_name":"Antibodies, Monoclonal","qualifier_ui":"Q000627","qualifier_name":"therapeutic use","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000924","descriptor_name":"Anticholesteremic Agents","qualifier_ui":"Q000009","qualifier_name":"adverse effects","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000924","descriptor_name":"Anticholesteremic Agents","qualifier_ui":"Q000627","qualifier_name":"therapeutic use","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001055","descriptor_name":"Apolipoproteins B","qualifier_ui":"Q000097","qualifier_name":"blood","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006937","descriptor_name":"Hypercholesterolemia","qualifier_ui":"Q000097","qualifier_name":"blood","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006937","descriptor_name":"Hypercholesterolemia","qualifier_ui":"Q000188","qualifier_name":"drug therapy","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008078","descriptor_name":"Cholesterol, LDL","qualifier_ui":"Q000097","qualifier_name":"blood","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012697","descriptor_name":"Serine Endopeptidases","qualifier_ui":"Q000276","qualifier_name":"immunology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D017270","descriptor_name":"Lipoprotein(a)","qualifier_ui":"Q000097","qualifier_name":"blood","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D017321","descriptor_name":"Clinical Trials, Phase I as Topic","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D017322","descriptor_name":"Clinical Trials, Phase II as Topic","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D043484","descriptor_name":"Proprotein Convertases","qualifier_ui":"Q000037","qualifier_name":"antagonists & inhibitors","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D043484","descriptor_name":"Proprotein Convertases","qualifier_ui":"Q000276","qualifier_name":"immunology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D058990","descriptor_name":"Molecular Targeted Therapy","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D061067","descriptor_name":"Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1146/annurev-med-022613-090402","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-med-022613-090402","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-med-022613-090402","pdf_url":"https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/pdf/10.1146/annurev-med-022613-090402","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S16909082","display_name":"Annual Review of Medicine","issn_l":"0066-4219","issn":["0066-4219","1545-326X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-2","medline","norway-1","poland-200","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320373","host_organization_name":"Annual Reviews","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320373"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Annual Reviews"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Annual Review of Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:24422577","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24422577","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Annual review of medicine","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1146/annurev-med-022613-090402","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-med-022613-090402","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-med-022613-090402","pdf_url":"https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/pdf/10.1146/annurev-med-022613-090402","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S16909082","display_name":"Annual Review of Medicine","issn_l":"0066-4219","issn":["0066-4219","1545-326X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-2","medline","norway-1","poland-200","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320373","host_organization_name":"Annual Reviews","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320373"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Annual Reviews"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Annual Review of Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":1.0}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2105872402.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2105872402.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":30,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W162053157","https://openalex.org/W1964279010","https://openalex.org/W1972661406","https://openalex.org/W1976691226","https://openalex.org/W1989730880","https://openalex.org/W2010033213","https://openalex.org/W2040612932","https://openalex.org/W2043461445","https://openalex.org/W2059881177","https://openalex.org/W2067539811","https://openalex.org/W2078669364","https://openalex.org/W2096075279","https://openalex.org/W2099136586","https://openalex.org/W2103487568","https://openalex.org/W2103647780","https://openalex.org/W2106285889","https://openalex.org/W2108956796","https://openalex.org/W2117011155","https://openalex.org/W2127445212","https://openalex.org/W2128030263","https://openalex.org/W2136034547","https://openalex.org/W2136295087","https://openalex.org/W2137983259","https://openalex.org/W2141227482","https://openalex.org/W2148577580","https://openalex.org/W2163488353","https://openalex.org/W2164089346","https://openalex.org/W3022401702","https://openalex.org/W4238251256","https://openalex.org/W4285719527"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2396713359","https://openalex.org/W2086942972","https://openalex.org/W2765203099","https://openalex.org/W2026465846","https://openalex.org/W2098570565","https://openalex.org/W2046996117","https://openalex.org/W2193234196","https://openalex.org/W2162657286","https://openalex.org/W2016063327","https://openalex.org/W2055814339"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Published":[0],"phase":[1,125],"I":[2],"and":[3,55,67,119,136],"II":[4],"trials":[5,86],"with":[6,45],"two":[7,101],"fully":[8],"human":[9],"monoclonal":[10,90],"antibodies":[11],"to":[12,26,59,94,133,138],"PCSK9":[13,20,95],"have":[14,64,87,145],"provided":[15],"comprehensive":[16],"evidence":[17],"that":[18,89],"inhibiting":[19],"is":[21],"a":[22,48],"very":[23],"effective":[24,113],"method":[25],"reduce":[27],"low-density":[28],"lipoprotein":[29],"cholesterol":[30],"(LDL-C).":[31],"In":[32],"all":[33],"populations":[34],"studied":[35],"so":[36],"far,":[37],"whether":[38],"on":[39],"statins":[40,144],"or":[41,46,102],"LDL-C-reducing":[42],"diet":[43],"alone,":[44],"without":[47],"genetic":[49],"defect":[50],"in":[51,56,124],"the":[52,61,70,148],"LDL":[53],"receptor,":[54],"subjects":[57],"intolerant":[58],"statins,":[60],"LDL-C":[62,117,134],"reductions":[63],"been":[65,146],"large":[66],"consistent.":[68],"Even":[69],"most":[71],"efficacious":[72],"statin,":[73],"rosuvastatin,":[74],"at":[75],"its":[76],"highest":[77],"dose":[78],"has":[79],"not":[80],"achieved":[81],"such":[82],"reductions.":[83],"The":[84],"clinical":[85],"established":[88],"antibody":[91],"therapy":[92],"targeted":[93],"may":[96],"be":[97,130],"administered":[98],"subcutaneously":[99],"every":[100],"four":[103],"weeks.":[104],"Current":[105],"data":[106],"suggest":[107],"these":[108],"drugs":[109],"will":[110,129],"provide":[111],"an":[112],"therapeutic":[114],"option":[115],"for":[116],"reduction":[118],"that,":[120],"if":[121],"proven":[122],"safe":[123],"III":[126],"trials,":[127],"they":[128],"as":[131,143],"important":[132],"control,":[135],"likely":[137],"cardiovascular":[139],"disease":[140],"risk":[141],"reduction,":[142],"over":[147],"past":[149],"three":[150],"decades.":[151]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":12}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}