{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2105828827","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02643290442000437","title":"The breakdown of parallel letter processing in letter-by-letter dyslexia","display_name":"The breakdown of parallel letter processing in letter-by-letter dyslexia","publication_year":2006,"publication_date":"2006-02-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2105828827","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02643290442000437","mag":"2105828827","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21049330"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1080/02643290442000437","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02643290442000437","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02643290442000437","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S81120478","display_name":"Cognitive Neuropsychology","issn_l":"0264-3294","issn":["0264-3294","1464-0627"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-c","doyens","erih-plus","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cognitive Neuropsychology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058498192","display_name":"Daniel Fiset","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2111-3269","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2111-3269"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210126907","display_name":"Institut Universitaire de G\u00e9riatrie de Montr\u00e9al","ror":"https://ror.org/031z68d90","country_code":"CA","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210126907"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I70931966","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al","ror":"https://ror.org/0161xgx34","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I70931966"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daniel Fiset","raw_affiliation_strings":["a Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al and Institut Universitaire de G\u00e9riatrie de Montr\u00e9al , Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"a Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al and Institut Universitaire de G\u00e9riatrie de Montr\u00e9al , Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210126907","https://openalex.org/I70931966"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061078798","display_name":"Martin Arguin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1036-2932","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1036-2932"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210126907","display_name":"Institut Universitaire de G\u00e9riatrie de Montr\u00e9al","ror":"https://ror.org/031z68d90","country_code":"CA","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210126907"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I70931966","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al","ror":"https://ror.org/0161xgx34","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I70931966"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Martin Arguin","raw_affiliation_strings":["a Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al and Institut Universitaire de G\u00e9riatrie de Montr\u00e9al , Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"a Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al and Institut Universitaire de G\u00e9riatrie de Montr\u00e9al , Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210126907","https://openalex.org/I70931966"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011067993","display_name":"\u00c9ric McCabe","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210126907","display_name":"Institut Universitaire de G\u00e9riatrie de Montr\u00e9al","ror":"https://ror.org/031z68d90","country_code":"CA","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210126907"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I70931966","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al","ror":"https://ror.org/0161xgx34","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I70931966"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"\u00c9ric McCabe","raw_affiliation_strings":["a Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al and Institut Universitaire de G\u00e9riatrie de Montr\u00e9al , Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"a Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al and Institut Universitaire de G\u00e9riatrie de Montr\u00e9al , Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210126907","https://openalex.org/I70931966"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5061078798"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210126907","https://openalex.org/I70931966"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.8292,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":30,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.90118634,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"2","first_page":"240","last_page":"260"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10103","display_name":"Reading and Literacy Development","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10103","display_name":"Reading and Literacy Development","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10465","display_name":"Neurobiology of Language and Bilingualism","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14104","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Neuropsychology","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3206","display_name":"Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/word-frequency","display_name":"word frequency","score":0.9639999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/imageability","display_name":"imageability","score":0.8529999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/word-naming","display_name":"word naming","score":0.8009999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/compensatory-processing","display_name":"compensatory processing","score":0.781000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal-to-noise-ratio","display_name":"signal-to-noise ratio","score":0.7950000166893005}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C506058694","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q132971","display_name":"Dyslexia","level":3,"score":0.8156818151473999},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.6119568943977356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554936623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199657","display_name":"Reading (process)","level":2,"score":0.5534277558326721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.5371130108833313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781140086","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q557945","display_name":"Confusion","level":2,"score":0.45134398341178894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C548259974","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q569965","display_name":"Audiology","level":1,"score":0.3320836126804352},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.3296363353729248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.2659318745136261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.26532837748527527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.1000724732875824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11171543","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41630","display_name":"Psychoanalysis","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1080/02643290442000437","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02643290442000437","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02643290442000437","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S81120478","display_name":"Cognitive Neuropsychology","issn_l":"0264-3294","issn":["0264-3294","1464-0627"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-c","doyens","erih-plus","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cognitive Neuropsychology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:21049330","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21049330","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cognitive neuropsychology","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.630.5107","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.630.5107","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://viscog.psy.umontreal.ca/~fisetdaniel/FISET_COGNEURO_2006.pdf","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":67,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W130299758","https://openalex.org/W1494695631","https://openalex.org/W1511556906","https://openalex.org/W1519165391","https://openalex.org/W1886048844","https://openalex.org/W1964416441","https://openalex.org/W1966131060","https://openalex.org/W1967269999","https://openalex.org/W1974305446","https://openalex.org/W1975597133","https://openalex.org/W1980632814","https://openalex.org/W1985090884","https://openalex.org/W1986261479","https://openalex.org/W1989578443","https://openalex.org/W1994343579","https://openalex.org/W2003661474","https://openalex.org/W2007800656","https://openalex.org/W2010734104","https://openalex.org/W2010749922","https://openalex.org/W2013942038","https://openalex.org/W2016534914","https://openalex.org/W2022963108","https://openalex.org/W2025192393","https://openalex.org/W2027973310","https://openalex.org/W2028276885","https://openalex.org/W2033394889","https://openalex.org/W2040155314","https://openalex.org/W2046206114","https://openalex.org/W2046323940","https://openalex.org/W2047087992","https://openalex.org/W2056541120","https://openalex.org/W2057952157","https://openalex.org/W2060623169","https://openalex.org/W2060901882","https://openalex.org/W2065509981","https://openalex.org/W2067469977","https://openalex.org/W2068421797","https://openalex.org/W2073257493","https://openalex.org/W2073587834","https://openalex.org/W2073904177","https://openalex.org/W2076274109","https://openalex.org/W2087409806","https://openalex.org/W2097272950","https://openalex.org/W2101248309","https://openalex.org/W2105753907","https://openalex.org/W2112072280","https://openalex.org/W2113185660","https://openalex.org/W2114955817","https://openalex.org/W2121808626","https://openalex.org/W2128631546","https://openalex.org/W2140315562","https://openalex.org/W2142999251","https://openalex.org/W2145848226","https://openalex.org/W2153594447","https://openalex.org/W2158959864","https://openalex.org/W2161070585","https://openalex.org/W2169755587","https://openalex.org/W2170004682","https://openalex.org/W2170233436","https://openalex.org/W2236810300","https://openalex.org/W2319178748","https://openalex.org/W2477770001","https://openalex.org/W4244357786","https://openalex.org/W4252676806","https://openalex.org/W4253712345","https://openalex.org/W4321429184","https://openalex.org/W4388251503"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2010749922","https://openalex.org/W2047087992","https://openalex.org/W2105753907","https://openalex.org/W2125559270","https://openalex.org/W2154716109","https://openalex.org/W7095569671","https://openalex.org/W2901589844","https://openalex.org/W2097272950","https://openalex.org/W1985989769","https://openalex.org/W7100300329"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Two":[0],"critical":[1],"issues":[2,51],"were":[3,52],"examined":[4],"regarding":[5],"letter-by-letter":[6],"(LBL)":[7],"dyslexia:":[8],"(1)":[9],"What":[10,38],"is":[11,39,96,212,250],"the":[12,15,20,30,40,74,160,174,187,208,243,259],"nature":[13],"of":[14,22,33,42,64,78,86,147,159,183,189],"functional":[16],"impairment":[17,172],"responsible":[18],"for":[19],"incapacity":[21],"LBL":[23,57,166,238],"patients":[24],"to":[25,98,130,156,226,241,257,263],"overtly":[26],"recognise":[27],"words":[28,120,144,216],"on":[29,49,73,170],"sole":[31],"basis":[32],"parallel":[34,87,253],"letter":[35,44,88,124,175,193,209,220,254],"processing?":[36,45],"(2)":[37],"purpose":[41],"sequential":[43,234],"Four":[46],"experiments":[47],"focusing":[48],"these":[50,136],"conducted":[53],"in":[54,90,186,199],"LH,":[55],"an":[56,171,180],"dyslexic.":[58],"Expt":[59,109,132],"1":[60],"showed":[61,134],"facilitatory":[62],"effects":[63,82,116,138],"increased":[65],"phonographic":[66],"neighbourhood":[67],"size,":[68],"lexical":[69],"frequency,":[70],"and":[71,92,103,256],"imageability":[72],"word":[75,266],"naming":[76],"performance":[77],"LH.":[79],"These":[80,162],"high-order":[81,115],"reflect":[83],"a":[84,126,222],"modulation":[85],"processing":[89,235],"LH":[91],"demonstrate":[93],"that":[94,112,135,149,165,178,207,232],"he":[95],"able":[97],"rapidly":[99],"access":[100],"phonological,":[101],"lexical,":[102],"semantic":[104],"knowledge":[105],"during":[106],"reading.":[107],"Congruently,":[108],"2":[110],"demonstrated":[111],"all":[113],"three":[114],"are":[117,121,139,145,150,197,217],"eliminated":[118,214],"when":[119,195,215],"presented":[122,218],"one":[123,219],"at":[125,173,221],"time,":[127,223],"from":[128,224],"left":[129,225],"right.":[131,227],"3":[133],"high-level":[137],"also":[140,213],"abolished":[141],"if":[142],"target":[143],"made":[146],"letters":[148,158,196],"highly":[151],"confusable":[152],"(i.e.,":[153,192],"visually":[154,246],"similar)":[155],"other":[157],"alphabet.":[161],"observations":[163],"suggest":[164],"dyslexia":[167],"may":[168],"rest":[169],"encoding":[176],"level":[177,182],"causes":[179],"excessive":[181],"background":[184],"noise":[185],"activation":[188],"higher-order":[190],"representations":[191],"combinations)":[194],"processed":[198],"parallel.":[200],"An":[201],"additional":[202],"experiment":[203],"(Expt":[204],"4)":[205],"shows":[206],"confusability":[210],"effect":[211],"This":[228],"latter":[229],"finding":[230],"suggests":[231],"compensatory":[233],"invoked":[236],"by":[237],"dyslexics":[239],"serves":[240],"avoid":[242],"confusion":[244],"between":[245],"similar":[247],"letters,":[248],"which":[249],"present":[251],"with":[252],"processing,":[255],"amplify":[258],"signal-to-noise":[260],"ratio":[261],"required":[262],"achieve":[264],"overt":[265],"identification.":[267]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-09-16T18:09:00.828671","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}