{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2105809105","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/bf01238023","title":"Combining classifiers: A theoretical framework","display_name":"Combining classifiers: A theoretical framework","publication_year":1998,"publication_date":"1998-03-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2105809105","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/bf01238023","mag":"2105809105"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/bf01238023","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/bf01238023","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/bf01238023","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S45497385","display_name":"Pattern Analysis and Applications","issn_l":"1433-7541","issn":["1433-7541","1433-755X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","ccf-c","cwts-core","dongbi-d","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Pattern Analysis and Applications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028209738","display_name":"Josef Kittler","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8110-9205","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8110-9205"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28290843","display_name":"University of Surrey","ror":"https://ror.org/00ks66431","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28290843"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"J. Kittler","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Vision, Speech and Signal Processing, School of Electronic Engineering, Information Technology and Mathematics, University of Surrey, GU2 5XH, Guildford, UK","Centre for Vision, Speech and Signal Processing, School of Electronic Engineering, Information Technology and Mathematics, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK GU2 5XH#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Vision, Speech and Signal Processing, School of Electronic Engineering, Information Technology and Mathematics, University of Surrey, GU2 5XH, Guildford, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28290843"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Vision, Speech and Signal Processing, School of Electronic Engineering, Information Technology and Mathematics, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK GU2 5XH#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28290843"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5028209738"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28290843"],"apc_list":{"value":3390,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3390},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":12.69,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":380,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9903037,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"1","issue":"1","first_page":"18","last_page":"27"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12535","display_name":"Machine Learning and Data Classification","score":0.6855000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12535","display_name":"Machine Learning and Data Classification","score":0.6855000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11652","display_name":"Imbalanced Data Classification Techniques","score":0.07590000331401825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13373","display_name":"Data Mining and Machine Learning Applications","score":0.020099999383091927,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/classifier-combination","display_name":"classifier combination","score":0.9710000157356262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/compound-classification","display_name":"compound classification","score":0.6000000238418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multiple-experts","display_name":"multiple experts","score":0.4830000102519989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/shared-representations","display_name":"shared representations","score":0.9089999794960022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/product-rule","display_name":"product rule","score":0.8220000267028809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sum-rules","display_name":"sum rules","score":0.972000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/majority-voting","display_name":"majority voting","score":0.9890000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/weighted-combination","display_name":"weighted combination","score":0.9879999756813049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multi-stage-classification","display_name":"multi-stage classification","score":0.8759999871253967}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95623464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096149","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","level":2,"score":0.7477751970291138},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75553542","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178161","display_name":"A priori and a posteriori","level":2,"score":0.7134142518043518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153668964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q27636","display_name":"Majority rule","level":2,"score":0.6877637505531311},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6146849393844604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6088523268699646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.5398511290550232},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158525013","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2593739","display_name":"Fusion","level":2,"score":0.5339044332504272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139532973","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2679259","display_name":"Linear classifier","level":3,"score":0.48714324831962585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4804215431213379},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C520049643","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189760","display_name":"Voting","level":3,"score":0.44949811697006226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158622935","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q660848","display_name":"Nonlinear system","level":2,"score":0.427751749753952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.32974129915237427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/bf01238023","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/bf01238023","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/bf01238023","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S45497385","display_name":"Pattern Analysis and Applications","issn_l":"1433-7541","issn":["1433-7541","1433-755X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","ccf-c","cwts-core","dongbi-d","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Pattern Analysis and Applications","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.469.1400","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.469.1400","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"https://cours.etsmtl.ca/sys828/laboratoires/Kittler_PAA1998.pdf","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/0439y7842"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":34,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W28412257","https://openalex.org/W43610082","https://openalex.org/W73900594","https://openalex.org/W1499782308","https://openalex.org/W1554663460","https://openalex.org/W1930624869","https://openalex.org/W1966036471","https://openalex.org/W1977582554","https://openalex.org/W1993452522","https://openalex.org/W2007548905","https://openalex.org/W2017937415","https://openalex.org/W2026884613","https://openalex.org/W2028874973","https://openalex.org/W2029896651","https://openalex.org/W2037902321","https://openalex.org/W2042032681","https://openalex.org/W2048890562","https://openalex.org/W2050434957","https://openalex.org/W2059997103","https://openalex.org/W2067487218","https://openalex.org/W2098351657","https://openalex.org/W2102734279","https://openalex.org/W2120170037","https://openalex.org/W2126297944","https://openalex.org/W2128073546","https://openalex.org/W2135293965","https://openalex.org/W2145901988","https://openalex.org/W2146440428","https://openalex.org/W2159033850","https://openalex.org/W2164568552","https://openalex.org/W2296661036","https://openalex.org/W2562429148","https://openalex.org/W3084873685","https://openalex.org/W4205686602"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7098806259","https://openalex.org/W2216052075","https://openalex.org/W2144317099","https://openalex.org/W7096576072","https://openalex.org/W1839109893","https://openalex.org/W2158275940","https://openalex.org/W7096300831","https://openalex.org/W2296661036","https://openalex.org/W2160767978","https://openalex.org/W4253475575"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":22},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":22}],"updated_date":"2026-11-12T12:28:57.059296","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}