{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2105591841","doi":null,"title":"Do Local Economic Development Programs Work? Evidence from the Federal Empowerment Zone Program","display_name":"Do Local Economic Development Programs Work? Evidence from the Federal Empowerment Zone Program","publication_year":2007,"publication_date":"2007-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2105591841","mag":"2105591841"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:cwl:cwldpp:1638","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://cowles.yale.edu/sites/default/files/files/pub/d16/d1638.pdf","pdf_url":"https://cowles.yale.edu/sites/default/files/files/pub/d16/d1638.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"preprint"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"http://cowles.econ.yale.edu/P/cd/d16a/d1638.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011083583","display_name":"Mat\u00edas Busso","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5632-9129","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5632-9129"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I184564680","display_name":"Inter-American Development Bank","ror":"https://ror.org/02gjn4306","country_code":"US","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I184564680"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mat\u00ed\u00adas Busso","raw_affiliation_strings":["Inter-American Development Bank (IDB)"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5632-9129","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Inter-American Development Bank (IDB)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I184564680"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035282458","display_name":"Patrick Kline","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95457486","display_name":"University of California, Berkeley","ror":"https://ror.org/01an7q238","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Patrick Kline","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California, Berkeley - Department of Economics"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California, Berkeley - Department of Economics","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":67,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11645","display_name":"Urban, Neighborhood, and Segregation Studies","score":0.8154000043869019,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11645","display_name":"Urban, Neighborhood, and Segregation Studies","score":0.8154000043869019,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14219","display_name":"Local Economic Development and Planning","score":0.05310000106692314,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3305","display_name":"Geography, Planning and Development"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13473","display_name":"Economic Zones and Regional Development","score":0.04910000041127205,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2000","display_name":"General Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/empowerment-zones","display_name":"Empowerment Zones","score":0.9800000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/labor-market-outcomes","display_name":"labor market outcomes","score":0.6729999780654907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rental-prices","display_name":"rental prices","score":0.906000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neighborhood-demographics","display_name":"neighborhood demographics","score":0.7419999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/program-evaluation","display_name":"program evaluation","score":0.5580000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/federal-urban-policy","display_name":"federal urban policy","score":0.4880000054836273}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52130261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39825","display_name":"Census","level":3,"score":0.9220138192176819},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106866004","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q264259","display_name":"Economic rent","level":2,"score":0.7676204442977905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C20555606","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q868575","display_name":"Empowerment","level":2,"score":0.6313779354095459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18762648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213","display_name":"Work (physics)","level":2,"score":0.5454450845718384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4249254","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3044431","display_name":"Demographic economics","level":1,"score":0.4825565218925476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.4499264657497406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.399528831243515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.3250060975551605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.15722855925559998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.11493310332298279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.10292503237724304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.08692759275436401},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175444787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39072","display_name":"Microeconomics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:cwl:cwldpp:1638","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://cowles.yale.edu/sites/default/files/files/pub/d16/d1638.pdf","pdf_url":"https://cowles.yale.edu/sites/default/files/files/pub/d16/d1638.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"preprint"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:ecl:yaleco:36","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://economics.yale.edu/sites/default/files/files/Working-Papers/wp000/ddp0036.pdf","pdf_url":"http://economics.yale.edu/sites/default/files/files/Working-Papers/wp000/ddp0036.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"preprint"},{"id":"mag:2105591841","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://cowles.econ.yale.edu/P/cd/d16a/d1638.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172589","display_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","issn_l":"1556-5068","issn":["1556-5068"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1318003438","host_organization_name":"RELX Group (Netherlands)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1318003438"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","raw_type":null},{"id":"mag:3121170017","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:cwl:cwldpp:1638","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"mag:2105591841","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://cowles.econ.yale.edu/P/cd/d16a/d1638.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172589","display_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","issn_l":"1556-5068","issn":["1556-5068"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1318003438","host_organization_name":"RELX Group (Netherlands)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1318003438"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","raw_type":null},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","score":1.0},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/1","display_name":"No poverty","score":0.8928999900817871},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","score":0.8787999749183655},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","display_name":"Reduced inequalities","score":0.5676000118255615}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":50,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W30928022","https://openalex.org/W1490576214","https://openalex.org/W1491849895","https://openalex.org/W1518052575","https://openalex.org/W1525375198","https://openalex.org/W1537529433","https://openalex.org/W1555092484","https://openalex.org/W1577001291","https://openalex.org/W1601652040","https://openalex.org/W1601935266","https://openalex.org/W1607312175","https://openalex.org/W1963965317","https://openalex.org/W1965666958","https://openalex.org/W1994413315","https://openalex.org/W1998653759","https://openalex.org/W2010307756","https://openalex.org/W2025490689","https://openalex.org/W2029394297","https://openalex.org/W2034806082","https://openalex.org/W2041727553","https://openalex.org/W2052422930","https://openalex.org/W2056049054","https://openalex.org/W2080061756","https://openalex.org/W2098898526","https://openalex.org/W2101309320","https://openalex.org/W2104401445","https://openalex.org/W2110065044","https://openalex.org/W2112327771","https://openalex.org/W2113470436","https://openalex.org/W2127403366","https://openalex.org/W2132917208","https://openalex.org/W2134246329","https://openalex.org/W2136672979","https://openalex.org/W2139122730","https://openalex.org/W2144276678","https://openalex.org/W2149805369","https://openalex.org/W2150291618","https://openalex.org/W2151367131","https://openalex.org/W2322461341","https://openalex.org/W2590957573","https://openalex.org/W3021176487","https://openalex.org/W3122176682","https://openalex.org/W3122193054","https://openalex.org/W3123092502","https://openalex.org/W3123175175","https://openalex.org/W3123254945","https://openalex.org/W3123369951","https://openalex.org/W3124120302","https://openalex.org/W3124983772","https://openalex.org/W4233471163"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7099510536","https://openalex.org/W7095286555","https://openalex.org/W7098863854","https://openalex.org/W3125439266","https://openalex.org/W2128264572","https://openalex.org/W2103323305","https://openalex.org/W2151035905","https://openalex.org/W2515926929","https://openalex.org/W2060022441","https://openalex.org/W3124180656"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1],"evaluates":[2],"the":[3,9,25,39,78,82,98],"impact":[4],"of":[5,8,31,42,81,97],"Round":[6],"I":[7],"federal":[10],"urban":[11],"Empowerment":[12],"Zone":[13],"(EZ)":[14],"program":[15],"on":[16,38],"neighborhood":[17],"level":[18],"labor":[19,56],"and":[20,59,67],"housing":[21],"market":[22,57],"outcomes":[23],"over":[24],"period":[26],"1994-2000.":[27],"Using":[28],"four":[29],"decades":[30],"Census":[32,88],"data":[33],"in":[34,55,62,77],"conjunction":[35],"with":[36],"information":[37],"proposed":[40],"boundaries":[41],"rejected":[43,66],"EZs,":[44],"we":[45],"find":[46],"that":[47,91],"neighborhoods":[48],"receiving":[49],"EZ":[50],"designation":[51],"experienced":[52],"substantial":[53],"improvements":[54],"conditions":[58],"moderate":[60],"increases":[61],"rents":[63],"relative":[64],"to":[65],"future":[68],"zones.":[69],"These":[70],"effects":[71],"were":[72],"accompanied":[73],"by":[74],"small":[75],"changes":[76,93],"demographic":[79],"composition":[80],"neighborhoods,":[83],"though":[84],"evidence":[85],"from":[86],"disaggregate":[87],"tabulations":[89],"suggests":[90],"these":[92],"account":[94],"for":[95],"little":[96],"observed":[99],"improvements.":[100]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":10}],"updated_date":"2026-11-10T11:39:43.021295","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
