{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2105327682","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1982531","title":"Who Lives in the C-Suite? Organizational Structure and the Division of Labor in Top Management","display_name":"Who Lives in the C-Suite? Organizational Structure and the Division of Labor in Top Management","publication_year":2012,"publication_date":"2012-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2105327682","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1982531","mag":"2105327682"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.2139/ssrn.1982531","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1982531","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1982531","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172589","display_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","issn_l":"1556-5068","issn":["1556-5068"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1318003438","host_organization_name":"RELX Group (Netherlands)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1318003438"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1982531","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5106127834","display_name":"Mar\u00eda Guadalupe","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8868-3816","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8868-3816"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102272798","display_name":"INSEAD","ror":"https://ror.org/00ghzk478","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102272798"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I197518295","display_name":"IZA - Institute of Labor Economics","ror":"https://ror.org/029s44460","country_code":"DE","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I197518295"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210140326","display_name":"Centre for Economic Policy Research","ror":"https://ror.org/04jzmdh37","country_code":"GB","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210140326"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210149427","display_name":"INSEAD","ror":"https://ror.org/05qxkh644","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102272798","https://openalex.org/I4210149427"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210152270","display_name":"INSEAD","ror":"https://ror.org/05ynf4333","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102272798","https://openalex.org/I4210152270"]}],"countries":["AE","DE","FR","GB","SG"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Maria Guadalupe","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Economic Policy Research (CEPR), London, United Kingdom","INSEAD - Economics and Political Sciences, Boulevard de Constance, F-77305 Fontainebleau Cedex, France","Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA), P.O. Box 7240, Bonn, D-53072, Germany","Centre for Economic Policy Research (CEPR)","INSEAD - Economics and Political Sciences","Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Economic Policy Research (CEPR), London, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210140326"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"INSEAD - Economics and Political Sciences, Boulevard de Constance, F-77305 Fontainebleau Cedex, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102272798"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA), P.O. Box 7240, Bonn, D-53072, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I197518295"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Economic Policy Research (CEPR)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210140326"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"INSEAD - Economics and Political Sciences","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102272798","https://openalex.org/I4210149427","https://openalex.org/I4210152270"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I197518295"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100413695","display_name":"Hongyi Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4518-5315","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4518-5315","https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3826-6210","https://orcid.org/0009-0006-8150-3081"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I31746571","display_name":"UNSW Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/03r8z3t63","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I31746571"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hongyi Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["UNSW Australia Business School, School of Economics, High Street, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia","UNSW Australia Business School, School of Economics"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"UNSW Australia Business School, School of Economics, High Street, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31746571"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"UNSW Australia Business School, School of Economics","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31746571"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003825261","display_name":"Julie M. Wulf","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I136199984","display_name":"Harvard University","ror":"https://ror.org/03vek6s52","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Julie M. Wulf","raw_affiliation_strings":["Harvard Business School"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Harvard Business School","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":7,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5106127834"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102272798","https://openalex.org/I197518295","https://openalex.org/I4210140326","https://openalex.org/I4210149427","https://openalex.org/I4210152270"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":39,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10019","display_name":"Corporate Finance and Governance","score":0.6083999872207642,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1402","display_name":"Accounting"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10019","display_name":"Corporate Finance and Governance","score":0.6083999872207642,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1402","display_name":"Accounting"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13963","display_name":"Organizational Management and Leadership","score":0.29100000858306885,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1405","display_name":"Management of Technology and Innovation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12843","display_name":"Human Resource and Talent Management","score":0.019899999722838402,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1407","display_name":"Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/functional-managers","display_name":"functional managers","score":0.9409999847412109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/general-managers","display_name":"general managers","score":0.9909999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business-diversification","display_name":"business diversification","score":0.7450000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-technology-investment","display_name":"IT investment","score":0.9190000295639038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/division-of-labor","display_name":"division of labor","score":0.7960000038146973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/organizational-restructuring","display_name":"organizational restructuring","score":0.414000004529953}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.6639313697814941},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180916674","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3711935","display_name":"Diversification (marketing strategy)","level":2,"score":0.6460416316986084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80595546","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5508832","display_name":"Functional manager","level":5,"score":0.6370654106140137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182566","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759524","display_name":"Organizational structure","level":2,"score":0.5451197028160095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780257311","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2563977","display_name":"Senior management","level":2,"score":0.5257405042648315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90673727","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901718","display_name":"Product (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4623061418533325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6422946","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q857354","display_name":"Panel data","level":2,"score":0.4403935968875885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C994546","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207449","display_name":"Division of labour","level":2,"score":0.4351688623428345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1411783","display_name":"Industrial organization","level":1,"score":0.4119483232498169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162853370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39809","display_name":"Marketing","level":1,"score":0.4026815891265869},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121955636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4116214","display_name":"Accounting","level":1,"score":0.33121395111083984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.2730671465396881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.22362366318702698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34447519","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179522","display_name":"Market economy","level":1,"score":0.1285531222820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15952604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179012","display_name":"Project management","level":2,"score":0.1160781979560852},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74510933","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1936145","display_name":"Project portfolio management","level":3,"score":0.08907672762870789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56691978","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1545010","display_name":"OPM3","level":4,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149782125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039","display_name":"Econometrics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.2139/ssrn.1982531","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1982531","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1982531","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172589","display_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","issn_l":"1556-5068","issn":["1556-5068"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1318003438","host_organization_name":"RELX Group (Netherlands)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1318003438"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.2139/ssrn.1982531","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1982531","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1982531","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172589","display_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","issn_l":"1556-5068","issn":["1556-5068"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1318003438","host_organization_name":"RELX Group (Netherlands)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1318003438"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","score":0.48510000109672546}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","score":0.6899999976158142}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":73,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W160152","https://openalex.org/W23188470","https://openalex.org/W85844224","https://openalex.org/W165061021","https://openalex.org/W201873134","https://openalex.org/W1522916731","https://openalex.org/W1539096414","https://openalex.org/W1564503028","https://openalex.org/W1572028428","https://openalex.org/W1581743372","https://openalex.org/W1650431508","https://openalex.org/W1684540946","https://openalex.org/W1972047171","https://openalex.org/W1980393914","https://openalex.org/W1982213224","https://openalex.org/W1983524419","https://openalex.org/W1991358063","https://openalex.org/W1995497801","https://openalex.org/W2005460785","https://openalex.org/W2006768107","https://openalex.org/W2010928115","https://openalex.org/W2012758152","https://openalex.org/W2014273905","https://openalex.org/W2014773237","https://openalex.org/W2020408200","https://openalex.org/W2021695982","https://openalex.org/W2024078503","https://openalex.org/W2035934714","https://openalex.org/W2040198418","https://openalex.org/W2040673071","https://openalex.org/W2060924113","https://openalex.org/W2067675606","https://openalex.org/W2071476890","https://openalex.org/W2079107569","https://openalex.org/W2079640751","https://openalex.org/W2105762482","https://openalex.org/W2107093894","https://openalex.org/W2108436611","https://openalex.org/W2116291729","https://openalex.org/W2121732389","https://openalex.org/W2125047636","https://openalex.org/W2125566971","https://openalex.org/W2126186544","https://openalex.org/W2129683067","https://openalex.org/W2129995027","https://openalex.org/W2130655864","https://openalex.org/W2148049298","https://openalex.org/W2154127636","https://openalex.org/W2164304787","https://openalex.org/W2168750112","https://openalex.org/W2172402959","https://openalex.org/W2184487793","https://openalex.org/W2298519506","https://openalex.org/W2329312544","https://openalex.org/W2419032640","https://openalex.org/W2796254303","https://openalex.org/W2841103364","https://openalex.org/W2890151157","https://openalex.org/W2891222742","https://openalex.org/W3016265253","https://openalex.org/W3020870415","https://openalex.org/W3121207767","https://openalex.org/W3121736426","https://openalex.org/W3121756580","https://openalex.org/W3124613120","https://openalex.org/W3124891657","https://openalex.org/W3126117480","https://openalex.org/W3126127371","https://openalex.org/W4230270522","https://openalex.org/W4245815223","https://openalex.org/W4252771664","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W4375849300"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W304008801","https://openalex.org/W2801988799","https://openalex.org/W4244049157","https://openalex.org/W2603005484","https://openalex.org/W7015633989","https://openalex.org/W7095286321","https://openalex.org/W4414997581","https://openalex.org/W6991007923","https://openalex.org/W2031493190","https://openalex.org/W2319992595"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-14T16:39:01.820549","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
