{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2104820165","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1402597111","title":"Direct observation of R-loop formation by single RNA-guided Cas9 and Cascade effector complexes","display_name":"Direct observation of R-loop formation by single RNA-guided Cas9 and Cascade effector complexes","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-05-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2104820165","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1402597111","mag":"2104820165","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24912165","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/4103346"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1073/pnas.1402597111","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1402597111","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1402597111","pdf_url":"https://www.pnas.org/content/pnas/111/27/9798.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S125754415","display_name":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences","issn_l":"0027-8424","issn":["0027-8424","1091-6490"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","erih-plus","jufo-3","ki-jl-3","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320052","host_organization_name":"National Academy of Sciences","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320052"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["National Academy of Sciences"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://www.pnas.org/content/pnas/111/27/9798.full.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069818913","display_name":"Mark D. Szczelkun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2501-6602","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2501-6602"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36234482","display_name":"University of Bristol","ror":"https://ror.org/0524sp257","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36234482"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mark D. Szczelkun","raw_affiliation_strings":["DNA-Protein Interactions Unit, School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, United Kingdom;"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"DNA-Protein Interactions Unit, School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, United Kingdom;","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36234482"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018884630","display_name":"Maria S. Tikhomirova","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8743-2970","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8743-2970"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I22465464","display_name":"University of M\u00fcnster","ror":"https://ror.org/00pd74e08","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I22465464"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405272450","display_name":"Biotechnologisches Zentrum","ror":"https://ror.org/046b28292","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405272450","https://openalex.org/I4405279746","https://openalex.org/I78650965"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78650965","display_name":"Technische Universit\u00e4t Dresden","ror":"https://ror.org/042aqky30","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78650965"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Maria S. Tikhomirova","raw_affiliation_strings":["Biotechnology Center, Technische Universit\u00e4t Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany; and","Institute for Molecular Cell Biology, Westf\u00e4lische Wilhelms-Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnster, 48149 M\u00fcnster, Germany;"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Biotechnology Center, Technische Universit\u00e4t Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany; and","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405272450","https://openalex.org/I78650965"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Molecular Cell Biology, Westf\u00e4lische Wilhelms-Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnster, 48149 M\u00fcnster, Germany;","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I22465464"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072733063","display_name":"Tomas \u0160ink\u016bnas","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6004-0897","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6004-0897"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I173212132","display_name":"Vilnius University","ror":"https://ror.org/03nadee84","country_code":"LT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173212132"]}],"countries":["LT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tomas Sinkunas","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Protein\u2013Nucleic Acid Interactions, Institute of Biotechnology, Vilnius University, LT-02241 Vilnius, Lithuania"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Protein\u2013Nucleic Acid Interactions, Institute of Biotechnology, Vilnius University, LT-02241 Vilnius, Lithuania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173212132"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080723359","display_name":"Giedrius Gasi\u016bnas","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2509-9054","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2509-9054"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I173212132","display_name":"Vilnius University","ror":"https://ror.org/03nadee84","country_code":"LT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173212132"]}],"countries":["LT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Giedrius Gasiunas","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Protein\u2013Nucleic Acid Interactions, Institute of Biotechnology, Vilnius University, LT-02241 Vilnius, Lithuania"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Protein\u2013Nucleic Acid Interactions, Institute of Biotechnology, Vilnius University, LT-02241 Vilnius, Lithuania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173212132"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086762395","display_name":"Tautvydas Karvelis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0685-2947","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0685-2947"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I173212132","display_name":"Vilnius University","ror":"https://ror.org/03nadee84","country_code":"LT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173212132"]}],"countries":["LT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tautvydas Karvelis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Protein\u2013Nucleic Acid Interactions, Institute of Biotechnology, Vilnius University, LT-02241 Vilnius, Lithuania"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Protein\u2013Nucleic Acid Interactions, Institute of Biotechnology, Vilnius University, LT-02241 Vilnius, Lithuania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173212132"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084911845","display_name":"Patrizia Pschera","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405272450","display_name":"Biotechnologisches Zentrum","ror":"https://ror.org/046b28292","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405272450","https://openalex.org/I4405279746","https://openalex.org/I78650965"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78650965","display_name":"Technische Universit\u00e4t Dresden","ror":"https://ror.org/042aqky30","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78650965"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Patrizia Pschera","raw_affiliation_strings":["Biotechnology Center, Technische Universit\u00e4t Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany; and"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Biotechnology Center, Technische Universit\u00e4t Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany; and","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405272450","https://openalex.org/I78650965"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001141726","display_name":"Virginijus \u0160ik\u0161nys","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1983-2096","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1983-2096"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I173212132","display_name":"Vilnius University","ror":"https://ror.org/03nadee84","country_code":"LT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173212132"]}],"countries":["LT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Virginijus Siksnys","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Protein\u2013Nucleic Acid Interactions, Institute of Biotechnology, Vilnius University, LT-02241 Vilnius, Lithuania"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Protein\u2013Nucleic Acid Interactions, Institute of Biotechnology, Vilnius University, LT-02241 Vilnius, Lithuania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173212132"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074416216","display_name":"Ralf Seidel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6642-053X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6642-053X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I22465464","display_name":"University of M\u00fcnster","ror":"https://ror.org/00pd74e08","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I22465464"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405272450","display_name":"Biotechnologisches Zentrum","ror":"https://ror.org/046b28292","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405272450","https://openalex.org/I4405279746","https://openalex.org/I78650965"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78650965","display_name":"Technische Universit\u00e4t Dresden","ror":"https://ror.org/042aqky30","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78650965"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ralf Seidel","raw_affiliation_strings":["Biotechnology Center, Technische Universit\u00e4t Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany; and","Institute for Molecular Cell Biology, Westf\u00e4lische Wilhelms-Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnster, 48149 M\u00fcnster, Germany;"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Biotechnology Center, Technische Universit\u00e4t Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany; and","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405272450","https://openalex.org/I78650965"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Molecular Cell Biology, Westf\u00e4lische Wilhelms-Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnster, 48149 M\u00fcnster, Germany;","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I22465464"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":13.4389,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":456,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99439132,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"111","issue":"27","first_page":"9798","last_page":"9803"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10878","display_name":"CRISPR and Genetic Engineering","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10878","display_name":"CRISPR and Genetic Engineering","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10432","display_name":"DNA and Nucleic Acid Chemistry","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10120","display_name":"Bacterial Genetics and Biotechnology","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1311","display_name":"Genetics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/r-loop-formation","display_name":"R-loop formation","score":0.9039999842643738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/crispr-cas-systems","display_name":"CRISPR-Cas","score":0.8700000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cas9","display_name":"Cas9","score":0.7839999794960022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cascades","display_name":"cascades","score":0.824999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/protospacer-adjacent-motif","display_name":"protospacer adjacent motif","score":0.8460000157356262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/protospacer","display_name":"protospacer","score":0.7319999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dna-supercoiling","display_name":"DNA supercoiling","score":0.8619999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/single-molecule-biophysics","display_name":"single-molecule biophysics","score":0.6359999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rna-guided-dna-cleavage","display_name":"RNA-guided DNA cleavage","score":0.7749999761581421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ribonucleoprotein-complexes","display_name":"ribonucleoprotein complexes","score":0.7459999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gene-targeting","display_name":"gene targeting","score":0.5950000286102295}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98108389","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q412563","display_name":"CRISPR","level":3,"score":0.8256022334098816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132455925","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16965677","display_name":"Cas9","level":4,"score":0.770156741142273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84356384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7833575","display_name":"Trans-activating crRNA","level":5,"score":0.7475073933601379},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C552990157","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7430","display_name":"DNA","level":2,"score":0.6366053223609924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67705224","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11053","display_name":"RNA","level":3,"score":0.608059823513031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.604645848274231},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22744801","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172778","display_name":"Plasmid","level":3,"score":0.5784698128700256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75934600","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q419245","display_name":"Ribonucleoprotein","level":4,"score":0.4791561961174011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158456008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q412639","display_name":"DNA supercoil","level":4,"score":0.450020432472229},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70721500","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177005","display_name":"Computational biology","level":1,"score":0.3946200907230377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54355233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162","display_name":"Genetics","level":1,"score":0.34124863147735596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.32295894622802734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95444343","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7141","display_name":"Cell biology","level":1,"score":0.32101795077323914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.2551236152648926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73573662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q130996","display_name":"DNA replication","level":3,"score":0.0814346969127655}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D004278","descriptor_name":"DNA, Superhelical","qualifier_ui":"Q000737","qualifier_name":"chemistry","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009154","descriptor_name":"Mutation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011487","descriptor_name":"Protein Conformation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D058727","descriptor_name":"RNA, Small Untranslated","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D064130","descriptor_name":"CRISPR-Associated Proteins","qualifier_ui":"Q000235","qualifier_name":"genetics","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D064130","descriptor_name":"CRISPR-Associated Proteins","qualifier_ui":"Q000737","qualifier_name":"chemistry","is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":6,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1073/pnas.1402597111","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1402597111","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1402597111","pdf_url":"https://www.pnas.org/content/pnas/111/27/9798.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S125754415","display_name":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences","issn_l":"0027-8424","issn":["0027-8424","1091-6490"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","erih-plus","jufo-3","ki-jl-3","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320052","host_organization_name":"National Academy of Sciences","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320052"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["National Academy of Sciences"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:3256246","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/4103346","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:4103346","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/4103346","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:24912165","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24912165","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:research-information.bris.ac.uk:publications/a097892b-53aa-4fc6-b804-d8755d2d68d2","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://research-information.bris.ac.uk/en/publications/a097892b-53aa-4fc6-b804-d8755d2d68d2","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407055359","display_name":"Explore Bristol Research","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Szczelkun, M D, Tikhomirova, M S, Sinkunas, T, Gasiunas, G, Karvelis, T, Pschera, P, Siksnys, V & Seidel, R 2014, 'Direct observation of R-loop formation by single RNA-guided Cas9 and Cascade effector complexes', Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol. 111, no. 27, pp. 9798-9803. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1402597111","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:research-information.bris.ac.uk:openaire_cris_publications/a097892b-53aa-4fc6-b804-d8755d2d68d2","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://research-information.bris.ac.uk/en/publications/a097892b-53aa-4fc6-b804-d8755d2d68d2","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400895","display_name":"Bristol Research (University of Bristol)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I36234482","host_organization_name":"University of Bristol","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36234482"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Szczelkun, M D, Tikhomirova, M S, Sinkunas, T, Gasiunas, G, Karvelis, T, Pschera, P, Siksnys, V & Seidel, R 2014, 'Direct observation of R-loop formation by single RNA-guided Cas9 and Cascade effector complexes', Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol. 111, no. 27, pp. 9798-9803. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1402597111","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1073/pnas.1402597111","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1402597111","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1402597111","pdf_url":"https://www.pnas.org/content/pnas/111/27/9798.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S125754415","display_name":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences","issn_l":"0027-8424","issn":["0027-8424","1091-6490"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","erih-plus","jufo-3","ki-jl-3","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320052","host_organization_name":"National Academy of Sciences","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320052"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["National Academy of Sciences"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1839931186","display_name":"Mechansim, control and diversity of molecular motors on DNA.","funder_award_id":"084086","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320311904","funder_display_name":"Wellcome Trust"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3119768102","display_name":"Understanding the pathways to R-loop formation by CRISPR/Cas immunity endonucleases","funder_award_id":"BB/L000873/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334629","funder_display_name":"Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3669661150","display_name":"DNA based nanometry: Exploring chromatin structure and molecular motors","funder_award_id":"261224","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338352","funder_display_name":"FP7 Ideas: European Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6726427488","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"BB/L000873","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334629","funder_display_name":"Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320311904","display_name":"Wellcome Trust","ror":"https://ror.org/029chgv08"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332167","display_name":"Directorate for Biological Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/001xhss06"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334629","display_name":"Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/00cwqg982"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338080","display_name":"European Social Fund","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338352","display_name":"FP7 Ideas: European Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/0472cxd90"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2104820165.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2104820165.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":60,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1926535993","https://openalex.org/W1965272726","https://openalex.org/W1967757550","https://openalex.org/W1969471320","https://openalex.org/W1970196890","https://openalex.org/W1976224558","https://openalex.org/W1977531433","https://openalex.org/W1978094899","https://openalex.org/W1982433583","https://openalex.org/W1990487336","https://openalex.org/W1993007435","https://openalex.org/W1995755261","https://openalex.org/W2000046950","https://openalex.org/W2001487604","https://openalex.org/W2003071836","https://openalex.org/W2005328221","https://openalex.org/W2005394279","https://openalex.org/W2007230647","https://openalex.org/W2007545739","https://openalex.org/W2010986636","https://openalex.org/W2019670881","https://openalex.org/W2021159250","https://openalex.org/W2024093226","https://openalex.org/W2036825805","https://openalex.org/W2039375385","https://openalex.org/W2040546014","https://openalex.org/W2045435533","https://openalex.org/W2046563455","https://openalex.org/W2047437586","https://openalex.org/W2052192736","https://openalex.org/W2053783798","https://openalex.org/W2057335510","https://openalex.org/W2061501462","https://openalex.org/W2062008243","https://openalex.org/W2063301744","https://openalex.org/W2064900511","https://openalex.org/W2067878769","https://openalex.org/W2073284751","https://openalex.org/W2087028051","https://openalex.org/W2089589904","https://openalex.org/W2093777918","https://openalex.org/W2098676741","https://openalex.org/W2102326051","https://openalex.org/W2107281997","https://openalex.org/W2107959600","https://openalex.org/W2110272809","https://openalex.org/W2117321792","https://openalex.org/W2132821335","https://openalex.org/W2135598273","https://openalex.org/W2139576948","https://openalex.org/W2142515819","https://openalex.org/W2149781508","https://openalex.org/W2151274733","https://openalex.org/W2153537688","https://openalex.org/W2157560413","https://openalex.org/W2161606262","https://openalex.org/W2163241233","https://openalex.org/W2166139447","https://openalex.org/W2169244146","https://openalex.org/W2331216164"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2066224431","https://openalex.org/W2794229729","https://openalex.org/W4383373445","https://openalex.org/W4211135446","https://openalex.org/W3130152501","https://openalex.org/W3010618205","https://openalex.org/W2560299746","https://openalex.org/W2792229005","https://openalex.org/W2770138328","https://openalex.org/W2062453228"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Clustered,":[0],"regularly":[1],"interspaced,":[2],"short":[3],"palindromic":[4],"repeats":[5],"(CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated":[6],"(Cas)":[7],"systems":[8,195],"protect":[9],"bacteria":[10],"and":[11,17,100,108,113,169,190],"archaea":[12],"from":[13,166],"infection":[14],"by":[15,48,150],"viruses":[16],"plasmids.":[18],"Central":[19],"to":[20,97,135,185],"this":[21],"defense":[22],"is":[23],"a":[24,50,152,182],"ribonucleoprotein":[25],"complex":[26,44],"that":[27,119],"produces":[28],"RNA-guided":[29],"cleavage":[30],"of":[31,42,83,104,192],"foreign":[32],"nucleic":[33],"acids.":[34],"In":[35],"DNA-targeting":[36],"CRISPR-Cas":[37,115,194],"systems,":[38],"the":[39,43,64,68,80,102,120,127,136,172,187],"RNA":[40],"component":[41],"encodes":[45],"target":[46],"recognition":[47,168],"forming":[49],"site-specific":[51],"hybrid":[52],"(R-loop)":[53],"with":[54],"its":[55],"complement":[56],"(protospacer)":[57],"on":[58],"an":[59],"invading":[60],"DNA":[61,72,95,179],"while":[62],"displacing":[63],"noncomplementary":[65],"strand.":[66],"Subsequently,":[67],"R-loop":[69,84,106,128,140,163],"structure":[70],"triggers":[71],"degradation.":[73],"Although":[74],"these":[75],"reactions":[76],"have":[77],"been":[78,88],"reconstituted,":[79],"exact":[81],"mechanism":[82],"formation":[85,107],"has":[86,144],"not":[87],"fully":[89],"resolved.":[90],"Here,":[91],"we":[92,177],"use":[93],"single-molecule":[94],"supercoiling":[96,180],"directly":[98],"observe":[99],"quantify":[101],"dynamics":[103],"torque-dependent":[105],"dissociation":[109],"for":[110,161],"both":[111],"Cascade-":[112],"Cas9-based":[114],"systems.":[116],"We":[117],"find":[118],"protospacer":[121,132,174],"adjacent":[122],"motif":[123],"(PAM)":[124],"affects":[125],"primarily":[126,139],"association":[129],"rates,":[130],"whereas":[131],"elements":[133],"distal":[134,173],"PAM":[137,167],"affect":[138],"stability.":[141],"Furthermore,":[142],"Cascade":[143],"higher":[145],"torque":[146],"stability":[147],"than":[148],"Cas9":[149],"using":[151],"conformational":[153],"locking":[154],"step.":[155],"Our":[156],"data":[157],"provide":[158],"direct":[159],"evidence":[160],"directional":[162],"formation,":[164],"starting":[165],"expanding":[170],"toward":[171],"end.":[175],"Moreover,":[176],"introduce":[178],"as":[181],"quantitative":[183],"tool":[184],"explore":[186],"sequence":[188],"requirements":[189],"promiscuities":[191],"orthogonal":[193],"in":[196],"rapidly":[197],"emerging":[198],"gene-targeting":[199],"applications.":[200]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":30},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":34},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":38},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":45},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":39},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":49},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":44},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":39},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":43},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":35},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":36},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}