{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2104671973","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-7393.31.5.1155","title":"The Positive and Negative Consequences of Multiple-Choice Testing.","display_name":"The Positive and Negative Consequences of Multiple-Choice Testing.","publication_year":2005,"publication_date":"2005-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2104671973","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-7393.31.5.1155","mag":"2104671973","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16248758"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1037/0278-7393.31.5.1155","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-7393.31.5.1155","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-7393.31.5.1155","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S18666220","display_name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition","issn_l":"0278-7393","issn":["0278-7393","1939-1285"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a","anvur-class-a","cwts-core","dongbi-b","erih-plus","jufo-2","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320262","host_organization_name":"American Psychological Association","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320262"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Psychological Association"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002269200","display_name":"Henry Lederer Roediger III","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3314-2895","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3314-2895"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204465549","display_name":"Washington University in St. Louis","ror":"https://ror.org/01yc7t268","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204465549"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Henry L. Roediger","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Psychology, Washington University in St. Louis, MO 63130-4899, USA. roediger@artsci.wustl.edu","Department of Psychology, Washington University in St. Louis, MO 63130-4899, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychology, Washington University in St. Louis, MO 63130-4899, USA. roediger@artsci.wustl.edu","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204465549"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychology, Washington University in St. Louis, MO 63130-4899, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204465549"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084715114","display_name":"Elizabeth J. Marsh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0456-9547","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0456-9547"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170897317","display_name":"Duke University","ror":"https://ror.org/00py81415","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Elizabeth J. Marsh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Psychological and Brain Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC, US"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Psychological and Brain Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC, US","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.271,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":383,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95918367,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"31","issue":"5","first_page":"1155","last_page":"1159"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10918","display_name":"Memory Processes and Influences","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10918","display_name":"Memory Processes and Influences","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11516","display_name":"Visual and Cognitive Learning Processes","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12884","display_name":"Educational Assessment and Pedagogy","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multiple-choice-tests","display_name":"multiple-choice tests","score":0.8629999756813049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/testing-effect","display_name":"testing effect","score":0.902999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cued-recall","display_name":"cued recall","score":0.7289999723434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/false-knowledge","display_name":"false knowledge","score":0.7049999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/guessing","display_name":"guessing","score":0.5099999904632568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/knowledge-retention","display_name":"knowledge retention","score":0.41100001335144043}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176730311","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q867668","display_name":"Multiple choice","level":3,"score":0.7909896373748779},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777267654","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3519023","display_name":"Test (biology)","level":2,"score":0.5669808387756348},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.5648337006568909},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100660578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18733","display_name":"Recall","level":2,"score":0.5069149136543274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.4352947473526001},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.41336360573768616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.14683020114898682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.12886595726013184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018023364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q425265","display_name":"Significant difference","level":2,"score":0.062347203493118286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D002755","descriptor_name":"Choice Behavior","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003463","descriptor_name":"Cues","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008568","descriptor_name":"Memory","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D011939","descriptor_name":"Mental Recall","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1037/0278-7393.31.5.1155","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-7393.31.5.1155","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-7393.31.5.1155","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S18666220","display_name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition","issn_l":"0278-7393","issn":["0278-7393","1939-1285"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a","anvur-class-a","cwts-core","dongbi-b","erih-plus","jufo-2","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320262","host_organization_name":"American Psychological Association","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320262"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Psychological Association"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:16248758","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16248758","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.734.1457","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.734.1457","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://psych.wustl.edu/memory/Roddy%20article%20PDF%27s/Roediger%20%26%20Marsh%20%282005%29_JEPLMC.pdf","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality education"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":39,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1966325275","https://openalex.org/W1968523442","https://openalex.org/W1981141387","https://openalex.org/W1987003629","https://openalex.org/W1991249566","https://openalex.org/W1991296521","https://openalex.org/W1991805901","https://openalex.org/W1992464925","https://openalex.org/W1994159774","https://openalex.org/W1996602186","https://openalex.org/W1998523662","https://openalex.org/W2001308469","https://openalex.org/W2006223640","https://openalex.org/W2018290856","https://openalex.org/W2034532433","https://openalex.org/W2060350738","https://openalex.org/W2062569393","https://openalex.org/W2062877847","https://openalex.org/W2070569536","https://openalex.org/W2071688934","https://openalex.org/W2072510305","https://openalex.org/W2073855993","https://openalex.org/W2074386933","https://openalex.org/W2081486223","https://openalex.org/W2083418131","https://openalex.org/W2092475650","https://openalex.org/W2114021588","https://openalex.org/W2123078680","https://openalex.org/W2126092062","https://openalex.org/W2137997858","https://openalex.org/W2140821895","https://openalex.org/W2163569782","https://openalex.org/W2211456297","https://openalex.org/W2232925767","https://openalex.org/W2325352378","https://openalex.org/W3128452343","https://openalex.org/W4243456207","https://openalex.org/W4252994157","https://openalex.org/W6862544036"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2136370795","https://openalex.org/W1990831294","https://openalex.org/W565019696","https://openalex.org/W2136652310","https://openalex.org/W2157886694","https://openalex.org/W2143805697","https://openalex.org/W1988886295","https://openalex.org/W2885465558","https://openalex.org/W1998841523","https://openalex.org/W2577936151"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Multiple-choice":[0,88],"tests":[1],"are":[2],"commonly":[3],"used":[4],"in":[5,31],"educational":[6],"settings":[7],"but":[8],"with":[9],"unknown":[10],"effects":[11],"on":[12,25,84],"students'":[13],"knowledge.":[14,98],"The":[15],"authors":[16],"examined":[17],"the":[18,71,85,94],"consequences":[19],"of":[20,48,63,67,78,96],"taking":[21],"a":[22,26,64],"multiple-choice":[23,68,79],"test":[24,30],"later":[27],"general":[28],"knowledge":[29],"which":[32],"students":[33],"were":[34],"warned":[35],"not":[36],"to":[37,93],"guess.":[38],"A":[39],"large":[40],"positive":[41,72],"testing":[42,47,56,73,89],"effect":[43,74],"was":[44],"obtained:":[45],"Prior":[46,61],"facts":[49],"aided":[50],"final":[51,86],"cued-recall":[52],"performance.":[53],"However,":[54],"prior":[55],"also":[57],"had":[58],"negative":[59],"consequences.":[60],"reading":[62],"greater":[65],"number":[66],"lures":[69,80],"decreased":[70],"and":[75],"increased":[76],"production":[77],"as":[81],"incorrect":[82],"answers":[83],"test.":[87],"may":[90],"inadvertently":[91],"lead":[92],"creation":[95],"false":[97]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":24},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":21},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":22},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":26},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":28},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":24},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":27},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":23},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":25},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":19}],"updated_date":"2026-11-02T09:45:03.842371","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}