{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2104635562","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2012.07.002","title":"Military expenditure and economic growth: A meta-analysis","display_name":"Military expenditure and economic growth: A meta-analysis","publication_year":2012,"publication_date":"2012-08-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2104635562","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2012.07.002","mag":"2104635562"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2012.07.002","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2012.07.002","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2012.07.002","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S100134864","display_name":"European Journal of Political Economy","issn_l":"0176-2680","issn":["0176-2680","1873-5703"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"European Journal of Political Economy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"review","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Aynur Alptekin","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28290843","display_name":"University of Surrey","ror":"https://ror.org/00ks66431","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28290843"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Aynur Alptekin","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Economics, University of Surrey, GU2 7XH, Guildford, Surrey, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Economics, University of Surrey, GU2 7XH, Guildford, Surrey, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28290843"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051052734","display_name":"Paul L. Levine","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8639-1967","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8639-1967"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28290843","display_name":"University of Surrey","ror":"https://ror.org/00ks66431","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28290843"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Paul Levine","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Economics, University of Surrey, GU2 7XH, Guildford, Surrey, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Economics, University of Surrey, GU2 7XH, Guildford, Surrey, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28290843"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28290843"],"apc_list":{"value":3650,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3650},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.5079,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":271,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94552529,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"28","issue":"4","first_page":"636","last_page":"650"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12825","display_name":"Defense, Military, and Policy Studies","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12825","display_name":"Defense, Military, and Policy Studies","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11770","display_name":"Fiscal Policy and Economic Growth","score":0.0008999999845400453,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14086","display_name":"Military and Defense Studies","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/defense-spending","display_name":"defense spending","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economic-growth","display_name":"economic growth","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/developing-countries","display_name":"developing countries","score":0.8029999732971191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/developed-countries","display_name":"developed countries","score":0.9419999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nonlinear-effects","display_name":"nonlinear effects","score":0.8339999914169312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/study-heterogeneity","display_name":"study heterogeneity","score":0.7429999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/functional-form","display_name":"functional form","score":0.3140000104904175}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.770060658454895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120936955","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2155640","display_name":"Empirical research","level":2,"score":0.4795677065849304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166052673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83021","display_name":"Empirical evidence","level":2,"score":0.4743969440460205},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95190672","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q815382","display_name":"Meta-analysis","level":2,"score":0.46762615442276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192250389","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4692254","display_name":"Aggregate expenditure","level":2,"score":0.45462512969970703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198531522","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q485146","display_name":"Sample (material)","level":2,"score":0.45142972469329834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4249254","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3044431","display_name":"Demographic economics","level":1,"score":0.39785388112068176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149782125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039","display_name":"Econometrics","level":1,"score":0.322884738445282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100001284","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2248246","display_name":"Public economics","level":1,"score":0.32093873620033264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.07479056715965271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43617362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170050","display_name":"Chromatography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2012.07.002","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2012.07.002","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2012.07.002","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S100134864","display_name":"European Journal of Political Economy","issn_l":"0176-2680","issn":["0176-2680","1873-5703"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"European Journal of Political Economy","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","score":0.48510000109672546}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[],"study_designs":[{"display_name":"Systematic Review","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/systematic-review"},{"display_name":"Meta-Analysis","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/meta-analysis"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":88,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W612372977","https://openalex.org/W1488002548","https://openalex.org/W1511920456","https://openalex.org/W1517500406","https://openalex.org/W1525182654","https://openalex.org/W1538524915","https://openalex.org/W1552578045","https://openalex.org/W1586365413","https://openalex.org/W1591821068","https://openalex.org/W1818241590","https://openalex.org/W1864180066","https://openalex.org/W1875654495","https://openalex.org/W1964547542","https://openalex.org/W1968403192","https://openalex.org/W1969679372","https://openalex.org/W1974054822","https://openalex.org/W1982487121","https://openalex.org/W1989789607","https://openalex.org/W1992139099","https://openalex.org/W1993877791","https://openalex.org/W1994190266","https://openalex.org/W1999649023","https://openalex.org/W1999803286","https://openalex.org/W2000741417","https://openalex.org/W2013195812","https://openalex.org/W2015922786","https://openalex.org/W2016386943","https://openalex.org/W2021136212","https://openalex.org/W2021928334","https://openalex.org/W2024995482","https://openalex.org/W2030331804","https://openalex.org/W2035362831","https://openalex.org/W2035417430","https://openalex.org/W2036866513","https://openalex.org/W2037284238","https://openalex.org/W2038517135","https://openalex.org/W2048672699","https://openalex.org/W2051729468","https://openalex.org/W2061980801","https://openalex.org/W2063267799","https://openalex.org/W2064904734","https://openalex.org/W2067141886","https://openalex.org/W2071263390","https://openalex.org/W2079976804","https://openalex.org/W2083268228","https://openalex.org/W2083676028","https://openalex.org/W2097344205","https://openalex.org/W2097561588","https://openalex.org/W2100561012","https://openalex.org/W2109469447","https://openalex.org/W2112546645","https://openalex.org/W2120436930","https://openalex.org/W2120819732","https://openalex.org/W2121975034","https://openalex.org/W2122415632","https://openalex.org/W2126521337","https://openalex.org/W2128521675","https://openalex.org/W2134414156","https://openalex.org/W2147081279","https://openalex.org/W2156781763","https://openalex.org/W2157334852","https://openalex.org/W2157823046","https://openalex.org/W2158396386","https://openalex.org/W2158397823","https://openalex.org/W2168168918","https://openalex.org/W2170521505","https://openalex.org/W2319637721","https://openalex.org/W2418435290","https://openalex.org/W2924744787","https://openalex.org/W2955956743","https://openalex.org/W3021617630","https://openalex.org/W3099972344","https://openalex.org/W3122611856","https://openalex.org/W3124215983","https://openalex.org/W3124989649","https://openalex.org/W3125211645","https://openalex.org/W3125314526","https://openalex.org/W3140826471","https://openalex.org/W3142512452","https://openalex.org/W3144225347","https://openalex.org/W3144698587","https://openalex.org/W3150519930","https://openalex.org/W3152450581","https://openalex.org/W4255790267","https://openalex.org/W4376488727","https://openalex.org/W6674510371","https://openalex.org/W6678885737","https://openalex.org/W7006750160"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3134325150","https://openalex.org/W3210678099","https://openalex.org/W4200025911","https://openalex.org/W4394486262","https://openalex.org/W976271273","https://openalex.org/W4281748496","https://openalex.org/W2800302421","https://openalex.org/W3123065868","https://openalex.org/W1580796044","https://openalex.org/W2187353124"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":29},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":30},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":26},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":26},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":22},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":22},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":24},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-16T09:59:22.235173","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}