{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2104635402","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/sf/73.2.729","title":"Economic Inequality, Family Disruption, and Urban Black Violence: Cities as Units of Stratification and Social Control","display_name":"Economic Inequality, Family Disruption, and Urban Black Violence: Cities as Units of Stratification and Social Control","publication_year":1994,"publication_date":"1994-12-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2104635402","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/sf/73.2.729","mag":"2104635402"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1093/sf/73.2.729","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/sf/73.2.729","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/sf/73.2.729","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S130611943","display_name":"Social Forces","issn_l":"0037-7732","issn":["0037-7732","1534-7605"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","fnege-3","jufo-3","ki-jl-1","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Social Forces","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077990646","display_name":"Edward S. Shihadeh","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I121820613","display_name":"Louisiana State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05ect4e57","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I121820613"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"E. S. Shihadeh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Louisiana State University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Louisiana State University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I121820613"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025020490","display_name":"Darrell J. Steffensmeier","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5642-0846","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5642-0846"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130769515","display_name":"Pennsylvania State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04p491231","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130769515"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"D. J. Steffensmeier","raw_affiliation_strings":["Pennsylvania State University","Pennsylvania State Univ#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Pennsylvania State University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130769515"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Pennsylvania State Univ#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130769515"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5077990646"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I121820613"],"apc_list":{"value":4152,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4152},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":27.465,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":287,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99466085,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"73","issue":"2","first_page":"729","last_page":"729"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10574","display_name":"Crime Patterns and Interventions","score":0.8881999850273132,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10574","display_name":"Crime Patterns and Interventions","score":0.8881999850273132,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11645","display_name":"Urban, Neighborhood, and Segregation Studies","score":0.10140000283718109,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12088","display_name":"Intergenerational and Educational Inequality Studies","score":0.004000000189989805,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/income-inequality","display_name":"income inequality","score":0.9490000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/family-breakdown","display_name":"family breakdown","score":0.9559999704360962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/violent-crime","display_name":"violent crime","score":0.828000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/black-communities","display_name":"Black communities","score":0.7390000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/urban-violence","display_name":"urban violence","score":0.6290000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-stratification","display_name":"social stratification","score":0.8090000152587891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-control","display_name":"social control","score":0.9789999723434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-disorganization","display_name":"social disorganization","score":0.8619999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/racial-inequality","display_name":"racial inequality","score":0.6890000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/indirect-effects","display_name":"indirect effects","score":0.49900001287460327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/city-level-analysis","display_name":"city-level analysis","score":0.4740000069141388}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48158472","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q841628","display_name":"Social stratification","level":2,"score":0.7160879373550415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45555294","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28113351","display_name":"Inequality","level":2,"score":0.628024697303772},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165148211","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5431887","display_name":"Social inequality","level":3,"score":0.6016584634780884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192943249","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1893382","display_name":"Stratification (seeds)","level":5,"score":0.5755903124809265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.5109333395957947},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37497375","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q623971","display_name":"Social control","level":2,"score":0.4588414430618286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4249254","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3044431","display_name":"Demographic economics","level":1,"score":0.395651251077652},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47768531","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1127188","display_name":"Development economics","level":1,"score":0.3418867290019989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73484699","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161733","display_name":"Criminology","level":1,"score":0.33080023527145386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.3257077932357788},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.3015245199203491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.11540579795837402},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59822182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441","display_name":"Botany","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3527866","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162267","display_name":"Dormancy","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100701293","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193838","display_name":"Germination","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C88548481","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2397491","display_name":"Seed dormancy","level":4,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1093/sf/73.2.729","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/sf/73.2.729","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/sf/73.2.729","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S130611943","display_name":"Social Forces","issn_l":"0037-7732","issn":["0037-7732","1534-7605"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","fnege-3","jufo-3","ki-jl-1","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Social Forces","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"doi:10.2307/2579828","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2579828","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2579828","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S130611943","display_name":"Social Forces","issn_l":"0037-7732","issn":["0037-7732","1534-7605"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","fnege-3","jufo-3","ki-jl-1","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Social Forces","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.lsu.edu:sociology_pubs-1173","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://repository.lsu.edu/sociology_pubs/174","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210169993","display_name":"Civil War Book Review","issn_l":"1528-6592","issn":["1528-6592"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315936","host_organization_name":"Louisiana State University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315936"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Louisiana State University"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Faculty Publications","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","score":1.0,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10"},{"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","score":0.9595999717712402,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"display_name":"No poverty","score":0.7400000095367432,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/1"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":69,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W368780132","https://openalex.org/W1546140435","https://openalex.org/W1561680524","https://openalex.org/W1586688891","https://openalex.org/W1628966689","https://openalex.org/W1740185681","https://openalex.org/W1968938216","https://openalex.org/W1972070680","https://openalex.org/W1982262810","https://openalex.org/W1983575433","https://openalex.org/W1983693663","https://openalex.org/W1987041312","https://openalex.org/W1988441589","https://openalex.org/W1995893316","https://openalex.org/W1998194071","https://openalex.org/W2000558896","https://openalex.org/W2001664556","https://openalex.org/W2003165552","https://openalex.org/W2006540489","https://openalex.org/W2008337309","https://openalex.org/W2012753620","https://openalex.org/W2013123644","https://openalex.org/W2015554609","https://openalex.org/W2015958526","https://openalex.org/W2016122800","https://openalex.org/W2017870680","https://openalex.org/W2023651835","https://openalex.org/W2029135768","https://openalex.org/W2038738998","https://openalex.org/W2048149162","https://openalex.org/W2049988397","https://openalex.org/W2050503434","https://openalex.org/W2055006804","https://openalex.org/W2056723910","https://openalex.org/W2057669921","https://openalex.org/W2060777962","https://openalex.org/W2066279924","https://openalex.org/W2068174264","https://openalex.org/W2069547644","https://openalex.org/W2070415764","https://openalex.org/W2072534049","https://openalex.org/W2079101348","https://openalex.org/W2090962226","https://openalex.org/W2091037694","https://openalex.org/W2092404509","https://openalex.org/W2093317318","https://openalex.org/W2093349795","https://openalex.org/W2121257320","https://openalex.org/W2134342691","https://openalex.org/W2138994660","https://openalex.org/W2147926208","https://openalex.org/W2160968098","https://openalex.org/W2165783888","https://openalex.org/W2170931071","https://openalex.org/W2175699169","https://openalex.org/W2313054432","https://openalex.org/W2316524076","https://openalex.org/W2319063359","https://openalex.org/W2319980406","https://openalex.org/W2477306253","https://openalex.org/W2484361858","https://openalex.org/W2494267302","https://openalex.org/W2500916140","https://openalex.org/W2513187717","https://openalex.org/W2727055963","https://openalex.org/W2797897542","https://openalex.org/W2904798609","https://openalex.org/W2979215350","https://openalex.org/W3141341243"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2072534049","https://openalex.org/W1988954724","https://openalex.org/W7113054838","https://openalex.org/W2076901222","https://openalex.org/W2477306253","https://openalex.org/W2066017161","https://openalex.org/W2060777962","https://openalex.org/W1998194071","https://openalex.org/W2087665150","https://openalex.org/W2099490849"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0,52,90],"examine":[1],"the":[2,37,68,74,85,145],"city-level":[3],"relationship":[4,149],"between":[5,150],"income":[6,55,78,99,129],"inequality,":[7,35],"family":[8,45,81],"disruption,":[9,82],"and":[10,25,131,152],"rates":[11,69,86],"of":[12,22,49,70,87,98,109,128,140,147],"violent":[13,50],"crime":[14,153],"among":[15],"blacks":[16],"by":[17],"viewing":[18],"communities":[19,59],"as":[20,34,44,47,135,137],"units":[21],"both":[23,122],"stratification":[24,56],"social":[26,40],"control":[27],"The":[28,117],"former":[29],"emphasizes":[30],"socioeconomic":[31],"variables,":[32],"such":[33,43],"while":[36],"latter":[38],"stresses":[39],"disorganization":[41],"variables":[42],"disruption":[46],"determinants":[48],"crime.":[51],"find":[53],"that":[54,92],"within":[57],"black":[58,71,88],"(black-to-black":[60],"inequality)":[61],"has":[62,101,154],"a":[63,94,107,148],"strong":[64],"positive":[65],"effect":[66,75],"on":[67],"violence,":[72],"but":[73],"is":[76],"indirect;":[77],"inequality":[79,100,111,130,141,151],"increases":[80],"which":[83],"elevates":[84],"violence.":[89],"argue":[91],"using":[93,106],"racially":[95],"bounded":[96],"indicator":[97],"greater":[102],"theoretical":[103],"parsimony":[104],"than":[105],"measure":[108],"racial":[110],"(white-to-black)":[112],"or":[113],"overall":[114],"(total)":[115],"inequality.":[116],"failure":[118],"in":[119,157],"previous":[120,158],"research":[121],"to":[123,132],"employ":[124],"theoretically":[125],"appropriate":[126],"measures":[127],"consider":[133],"indirect":[134],"well":[136],"direct":[138],"effects":[139],"may":[142],"explain":[143],"why":[144],"evidence":[146],"been":[155],"weak":[156],"studies.":[159]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":43},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":7}],"updated_date":"2026-10-30T12:39:25.321706","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
