{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2104019296","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3102/10769986027001053","title":"Analysis of Differential Item Functioning (DIF) Using Hierarchical Logistic Regression Models","display_name":"Analysis of Differential Item Functioning (DIF) Using Hierarchical Logistic Regression Models","publication_year":2002,"publication_date":"2002-03-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2104019296","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3102/10769986027001053","mag":"2104019296"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3102/10769986027001053","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3102/10769986027001053","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3102/10769986027001053","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S53135262","display_name":"Journal of Educational and Behavioral Statistics","issn_l":"1076-9986","issn":["1076-9986","1935-1054"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-c","erih-plus","jufo-2","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Educational and Behavioral Statistics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087916083","display_name":"David B. Swanson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0862-944X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0862-944X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1293309919","display_name":"National Board of Medical Examiners","ror":"https://ror.org/04tsmra86","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1293309919"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David B. Swanson","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Board of Medical Examiners"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Board of Medical Examiners","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1293309919"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070469227","display_name":"Brian E. Clauser","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1293309919","display_name":"National Board of Medical Examiners","ror":"https://ror.org/04tsmra86","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1293309919"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Brian E. Clauser","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Board of Medical Examiners"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Board of Medical Examiners","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1293309919"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076561450","display_name":"Susan M. Case","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1293309919","display_name":"National Board of Medical Examiners","ror":"https://ror.org/04tsmra86","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1293309919"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Susan M. Case","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Board of Medical Examiners"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Board of Medical Examiners","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1293309919"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066800296","display_name":"Ronald J. Nungester","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1293309919","display_name":"National Board of Medical Examiners","ror":"https://ror.org/04tsmra86","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1293309919"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ronald J. Nungester","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Board of Medical Examiners"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Board of Medical Examiners","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1293309919"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073913005","display_name":"Carol Morrison Featherman","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1293309919","display_name":"National Board of Medical Examiners","ror":"https://ror.org/04tsmra86","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1293309919"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Carol Featherman","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Board of Medical Examiners"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Board of Medical Examiners","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1293309919"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1293309919"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2500},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.5487,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":64,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.76853707,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"27","issue":"1","first_page":"53","last_page":"75"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10467","display_name":"Psychometric Methodologies and Testing","score":0.9951000213623047,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10467","display_name":"Psychometric Methodologies and Testing","score":0.9951000213623047,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12884","display_name":"Educational Assessment and Pedagogy","score":0.00039999998989515007,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10243","display_name":"Statistical Methods and Bayesian Inference","score":0.00039999998989515007,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/differential-item-functioning","display_name":"differential item functioning","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hierarchical-logistic-regression","display_name":"hierarchical logistic regression","score":0.9940000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/item-response-theory","display_name":"item response theory","score":0.5600000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/empirical-bayes","display_name":"empirical Bayes","score":0.7820000052452087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/usmle-step-2","display_name":"USMLE Step 2","score":0.6980000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-based-testing","display_name":"computer-based testing","score":0.7139999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/test-fairness","display_name":"test fairness","score":0.3790000081062317}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C181447626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1224359","display_name":"Differential item functioning","level":4,"score":0.7925856113433838},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151956035","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1132755","display_name":"Logistic regression","level":2,"score":0.6481544971466064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.6369079351425171},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19875794","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207340","display_name":"Item response theory","level":3,"score":0.5160117149353027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117251300","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1849855","display_name":"Parametric statistics","level":2,"score":0.4659598469734192},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4421243667602539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C102366305","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1097688","display_name":"Nonparametric statistics","level":2,"score":0.4400314390659332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149782125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039","display_name":"Econometrics","level":1,"score":0.43400442600250244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152877465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208042","display_name":"Regression analysis","level":2,"score":0.4132035970687866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.34299972653388977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171606756","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q506132","display_name":"Psychometrics","level":2,"score":0.23168450593948364}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3102/10769986027001053","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3102/10769986027001053","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3102/10769986027001053","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S53135262","display_name":"Journal of Educational and Behavioral Statistics","issn_l":"1076-9986","issn":["1076-9986","1935-1054"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-c","erih-plus","jufo-2","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Educational and Behavioral Statistics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.845.315","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.845.315","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://jeb.sagepub.com/content/27/1/53.full.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:sae:jedbes:v:27:y:2002:i:1:p:53-75","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.3102/10769986027001053","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.4000000059604645,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":21,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1575144634","https://openalex.org/W1969214680","https://openalex.org/W1969844929","https://openalex.org/W1983916455","https://openalex.org/W1992737233","https://openalex.org/W2002279280","https://openalex.org/W2002479639","https://openalex.org/W2031297073","https://openalex.org/W2038062939","https://openalex.org/W2049133941","https://openalex.org/W2084459009","https://openalex.org/W2092783950","https://openalex.org/W2099019452","https://openalex.org/W2121134670","https://openalex.org/W2324392187","https://openalex.org/W2769028958","https://openalex.org/W2795598039","https://openalex.org/W2797508167","https://openalex.org/W3042168128","https://openalex.org/W3143949042","https://openalex.org/W4230419680"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7111498571","https://openalex.org/W2891435840","https://openalex.org/W2903204603","https://openalex.org/W1598423568","https://openalex.org/W2031297073","https://openalex.org/W2128973682","https://openalex.org/W71813781","https://openalex.org/W2125031540","https://openalex.org/W1891985121","https://openalex.org/W7099372818"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Over":[0],"the":[1,38,96,107,123,146,165,170,187,190],"past":[2],"25":[3],"years":[4],"a":[5,153,181],"range":[6],"of":[7,34,58,82,92,98,110,125,162,169,180,186,189],"parametric":[8],"and":[9,104],"nonparametric":[10],"methods":[11],"have":[12],"been":[13,47],"developed":[14],"for":[15,26,31,113,128],"analyzing":[16],"Differential":[17],"Item":[18],"Functioning":[19],"(DIF).":[20],"These":[21],"procedures":[22,40],"are":[23,193],"typically":[24],"performed":[25],"each":[27],"item":[28,138],"individually":[29],"or":[30],"small":[32,182],"numbers":[33],"related":[35],"items.":[36],"Because":[37],"analytic":[39],"focus":[41],"on":[42],"individual":[43,129],"items,":[44],"it":[45,77],"has":[46],"difficult":[48],"to":[49,54,68,79,88,94,105,121],"pool":[50],"information":[51],"across":[52,86],"items":[53,87,130],"identify":[55,89],"potential":[56],"sources":[57,91],"DIF":[59,69,102,126,191],"analytically.":[60],"In":[61],"this":[62],"article,":[63],"we":[64,151],"outline":[65],"an":[66],"approach":[67,116],"analysis":[70],"using":[71],"hierarchical":[72,147],"logistic":[73,83,148],"regression":[74,84,149],"that":[75],"makes":[76],"possible":[78],"combine":[80],"results":[81],"analyses":[85],"consistent":[90],"DIF,":[93],"quantify":[95],"proportion":[97],"explained":[99],"variation":[100],"in":[101],"coefficients,":[103],"compare":[106],"predictive":[108],"accuracy":[109,124,188],"alternate":[111],"explanations":[112],"DIF.":[114],"The":[115],"can":[117],"also":[118,194],"be":[119],"used":[120],"improve":[122],"estimates":[127,192],"by":[131],"applying":[132],"empirical":[133],"Bayes":[134],"techniques,":[135],"with":[136],"DIF-related":[137],"characteristics":[139],"serving":[140],"as":[141],"collateral":[142],"information.":[143],"To":[144],"illustrate":[145],"procedure,":[150],"use":[152],"large":[154],"data":[155],"set":[156],"derived":[157],"from":[158],"recent":[159],"computer-based":[160],"administrations":[161],"Step":[163],"2,":[164],"clinical":[166],"science":[167],"component":[168],"United":[171],"States":[172],"Medical":[173],"Licensing":[174],"Examination":[175],"(USMLE":[176],"\u00ae":[177],").":[178],"Results":[179],"Monte":[183],"Carlo":[184],"study":[185],"reported.":[195]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-08-26T07:47:46.906454","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
