{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2103563496","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0261444812000511","title":"Forty years later: Updating the Fossilization Hypothesis","display_name":"Forty years later: Updating the Fossilization Hypothesis","publication_year":2013,"publication_date":"2013-02-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2103563496","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0261444812000511","mag":"2103563496"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1017/s0261444812000511","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0261444812000511","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0261444812000511","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S114504424","display_name":"Language Teaching","issn_l":"0261-4448","issn":["0261-4448","1475-3049"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311721","host_organization_name":"Cambridge University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311721","https://openalex.org/P4310311702"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cambridge University Press","University of Cambridge"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Language Teaching","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022793480","display_name":"ZhaoHong Han","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9139-441X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9139-441X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78577930","display_name":"Columbia University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hj8s172","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"ZhaoHong Han","raw_affiliation_strings":["Teachers College, Columbia University, New","Columbia University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Teachers College, Columbia University, New","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Columbia University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5022793480"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"],"apc_list":{"value":3550,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3550},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":41.8689,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":75,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99607119,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"46","issue":"2","first_page":"133","last_page":"171"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10021","display_name":"EFL/ESL Teaching and Learning","score":0.9810000061988831,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1203","display_name":"Language and Linguistics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10021","display_name":"EFL/ESL Teaching and Learning","score":0.9810000061988831,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1203","display_name":"Language and Linguistics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11587","display_name":"Second Language Acquisition and Learning","score":0.013899999670684338,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13538","display_name":"Linguistics and Language Analysis","score":0.0013000000035390258,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1203","display_name":"Language and Linguistics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fossilization","display_name":"fossilization","score":0.9390000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/second-language-acquisition","display_name":"second language acquisition","score":0.9700000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/second-language-development","display_name":"second language development","score":0.7200000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/second-language-proficiency","display_name":"second language proficiency","score":0.4560000002384186}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779519507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12388836","display_name":"Fossilization","level":2,"score":0.9985707998275757},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.5228978991508484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.52009117603302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.3826277256011963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.19051450490951538},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.18908476829528809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1017/s0261444812000511","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0261444812000511","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0261444812000511","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S114504424","display_name":"Language Teaching","issn_l":"0261-4448","issn":["0261-4448","1475-3049"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311721","host_organization_name":"Cambridge University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311721","https://openalex.org/P4310311702"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cambridge University Press","University of Cambridge"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Language Teaching","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.7200000286102295,"display_name":"Quality education"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":164,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W32174971","https://openalex.org/W51494718","https://openalex.org/W52592579","https://openalex.org/W62444059","https://openalex.org/W73557282","https://openalex.org/W80908511","https://openalex.org/W82100228","https://openalex.org/W106931327","https://openalex.org/W111367859","https://openalex.org/W118531410","https://openalex.org/W161577155","https://openalex.org/W204751784","https://openalex.org/W263145544","https://openalex.org/W362681941","https://openalex.org/W371148952","https://openalex.org/W386986301","https://openalex.org/W579233661","https://openalex.org/W590638972","https://openalex.org/W595457021","https://openalex.org/W596473980","https://openalex.org/W624339498","https://openalex.org/W639960447","https://openalex.org/W653288160","https://openalex.org/W1241711022","https://openalex.org/W1462202229","https://openalex.org/W1481944755","https://openalex.org/W1483076303","https://openalex.org/W1489401745","https://openalex.org/W1499624037","https://openalex.org/W1508169795","https://openalex.org/W1508712116","https://openalex.org/W1509671554","https://openalex.org/W1518042339","https://openalex.org/W1534802210","https://openalex.org/W1554642491","https://openalex.org/W1558308449","https://openalex.org/W1570809594","https://openalex.org/W1577776347","https://openalex.org/W1594715591","https://openalex.org/W1693161767","https://openalex.org/W1754757927","https://openalex.org/W1785976393","https://openalex.org/W1898505626","https://openalex.org/W1905537985","https://openalex.org/W1909962747","https://openalex.org/W1963931752","https://openalex.org/W1964225905","https://openalex.org/W1970800084","https://openalex.org/W1974052916","https://openalex.org/W1975019819","https://openalex.org/W1980353908","https://openalex.org/W1983482938","https://openalex.org/W1991665190","https://openalex.org/W1992356640","https://openalex.org/W1994564595","https://openalex.org/W1994945950","https://openalex.org/W2004415003","https://openalex.org/W2005939081","https://openalex.org/W2007070394","https://openalex.org/W2007707537","https://openalex.org/W2013605591","https://openalex.org/W2019900286","https://openalex.org/W2020237298","https://openalex.org/W2022433615","https://openalex.org/W2022827994","https://openalex.org/W2022963455","https://openalex.org/W2031582376","https://openalex.org/W2033260129","https://openalex.org/W2033897341","https://openalex.org/W2039616633","https://openalex.org/W2040799564","https://openalex.org/W2041976416","https://openalex.org/W2044275064","https://openalex.org/W2045307958","https://openalex.org/W2046517077","https://openalex.org/W2050448733","https://openalex.org/W2054984202","https://openalex.org/W2055149488","https://openalex.org/W2059532843","https://openalex.org/W2059686912","https://openalex.org/W2060870672","https://openalex.org/W2062384560","https://openalex.org/W2065486395","https://openalex.org/W2067232983","https://openalex.org/W2071224451","https://openalex.org/W2073934108","https://openalex.org/W2074550293","https://openalex.org/W2077975076","https://openalex.org/W2087286704","https://openalex.org/W2094330903","https://openalex.org/W2094492495","https://openalex.org/W2096191746","https://openalex.org/W2097047235","https://openalex.org/W2103258672","https://openalex.org/W2103657525","https://openalex.org/W2104384966","https://openalex.org/W2106402256","https://openalex.org/W2108615210","https://openalex.org/W2111772216","https://openalex.org/W2113921308","https://openalex.org/W2121537412","https://openalex.org/W2125742935","https://openalex.org/W2135444038","https://openalex.org/W2136737367","https://openalex.org/W2137726590","https://openalex.org/W2143370312","https://openalex.org/W2143436733","https://openalex.org/W2145569473","https://openalex.org/W2146395459","https://openalex.org/W2146493185","https://openalex.org/W2153381369","https://openalex.org/W2154015661","https://openalex.org/W2154599210","https://openalex.org/W2163539051","https://openalex.org/W2165175403","https://openalex.org/W2165849479","https://openalex.org/W2166754847","https://openalex.org/W2170351589","https://openalex.org/W2244899166","https://openalex.org/W2264155890","https://openalex.org/W2288561169","https://openalex.org/W2318067340","https://openalex.org/W2325585290","https://openalex.org/W2331891303","https://openalex.org/W2478285118","https://openalex.org/W2481253072","https://openalex.org/W2485076980","https://openalex.org/W2490750613","https://openalex.org/W2491833698","https://openalex.org/W2493650579","https://openalex.org/W2494459412","https://openalex.org/W2497542173","https://openalex.org/W2506178384","https://openalex.org/W2510034663","https://openalex.org/W2525876393","https://openalex.org/W2537437623","https://openalex.org/W2556593523","https://openalex.org/W2597952184","https://openalex.org/W2607173979","https://openalex.org/W2618087200","https://openalex.org/W2770403786","https://openalex.org/W2798917515","https://openalex.org/W2900542390","https://openalex.org/W2901333481","https://openalex.org/W2901573071","https://openalex.org/W2901693030","https://openalex.org/W2913593121","https://openalex.org/W2944746391","https://openalex.org/W2965042937","https://openalex.org/W3108644778","https://openalex.org/W3159900079","https://openalex.org/W4230193245","https://openalex.org/W4232693094","https://openalex.org/W4242824563","https://openalex.org/W4245964411","https://openalex.org/W4246868024","https://openalex.org/W4247721999","https://openalex.org/W4250771047","https://openalex.org/W4252009343","https://openalex.org/W4256240853","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W4302062653","https://openalex.org/W4307823384","https://openalex.org/W6903330592"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1587298080","https://openalex.org/W4399276355","https://openalex.org/W4250251204","https://openalex.org/W126302140","https://openalex.org/W2944601555","https://openalex.org/W2022649911","https://openalex.org/W4401500267","https://openalex.org/W196552294","https://openalex.org/W1972482166","https://openalex.org/W11478693"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0],"founding":[1],"concept":[2],"in":[3,23,102,115],"second":[4,15],"language":[5,16],"acquisition":[6],"(SLA)":[7],"research,":[8],"fossilization":[9,87],"has":[10,28],"been":[11,30],"fundamental":[12],"to":[13],"understanding":[14,85],"(L2)":[17],"development.":[18],"The":[19,83],"Fossilization":[20,56,97],"Hypothesis,":[21,57],"introduced":[22],"Selinker's":[24],"seminal":[25],"text":[26],"(1972),":[27],"thus":[29],"one":[31],"of":[32,41,63,86,105,111],"the":[33,55,60,66,81,95,103,116],"most":[34,67],"influential":[35],"theories,":[36],"guiding":[37],"a":[38,77,109],"significant":[39],"bulk":[40],"SLA":[42],"research":[43],"for":[44,79],"four":[45],"decades;":[46],"2012":[47],"marks":[48],"its":[49],"fortieth":[50],"anniversary.":[51],"This":[52],"article":[53],"revisits":[54],"starting":[58],"with":[59],"earliest":[61],"set":[62],"questions":[64],"(still":[65],"comprehensive)":[68],"(Selinker":[69],"&":[70],"Lamendella":[71],"1978)":[72],"and":[73],"using":[74],"them":[75],"as":[76],"basis":[78],"updating":[80],"Hypothesis.":[82],"current":[84],"is":[88],"presented":[89],"by":[90],"introducing":[91],"an":[92],"alternative":[93],"hypothesis,":[94],"Selective":[96],"Hypothesis":[98],"(Han":[99],"2009)":[100],"and,":[101],"light":[104],"that":[106],"alternative,":[107],"reviewing":[108],"selection":[110],"fossilizable":[112],"structures":[113],"documented":[114],"recent":[117],"literature.":[118]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-16T09:59:22.235173","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}