{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2103556204","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2337/diacare.26.3.725","title":"The Diabetes Risk Score","display_name":"The Diabetes Risk Score","publication_year":2003,"publication_date":"2003-03-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2103556204","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2337/diacare.26.3.725","mag":"2103556204","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12610029"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.2337/diacare.26.3.725","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2337/diacare.26.3.725","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2337/diacare.26.3.725","pdf_url":"https://diabetesjournals.org/care/article-pdf/26/3/725/665299/dc0303000725.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S49878492","display_name":"Diabetes Care","issn_l":"0149-5992","issn":["0149-5992","1935-5548"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","jufo-3","ki-jl-3","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320274","host_organization_name":"American Diabetes Association","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320274"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Diabetes Association"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Diabetes Care","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://diabetesjournals.org/care/article-pdf/26/3/725/665299/dc0303000725.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074232007","display_name":"Jaana Lindstr\u00f6m","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9255-020X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9255-020X"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jaana Lindstro\u0308m","raw_affiliation_strings":["Diabetes and Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Department of Epidemiology and Health Promotion, National Public Health Institute, Helsinki, Finland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Diabetes and Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Department of Epidemiology and Health Promotion, National Public Health Institute, Helsinki, Finland","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101494461","display_name":"Jaakko O. Tuomilehto","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3424-0745","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3424-0745"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I133731052","display_name":"University of Helsinki","ror":"https://ror.org/040af2s02","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I133731052"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jaakko Tuomilehto","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland","Diabetes and Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Department of Epidemiology and Health Promotion, National Public Health Institute, Helsinki, Finland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I133731052"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Diabetes and Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Department of Epidemiology and Health Promotion, National Public Health Institute, Helsinki, Finland","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":11.1369,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1937,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99003529,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"26","issue":"3","first_page":"725","last_page":"731"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10027","display_name":"Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins","score":0.9541000127792358,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2712","display_name":"Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10027","display_name":"Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins","score":0.9541000127792358,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2712","display_name":"Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14212","display_name":"Health Promotion and Cardiovascular Prevention","score":0.017000000923871994,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10560","display_name":"Diabetes Management and Research","score":0.009700000286102295,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2712","display_name":"Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diabetes-risk-score","display_name":"diabetes risk score","score":0.9269999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/type-2-diabetes","display_name":"type 2 diabetes","score":0.9419999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diabetes-risk-prediction","display_name":"diabetes risk prediction","score":0.9520000219345093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/risk-stratification","display_name":"risk stratification","score":0.7120000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/non-invasive-risk-assessment","display_name":"non-invasive risk assessment","score":0.6539999842643738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/body-mass-index","display_name":"body mass index","score":0.8740000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/waist-circumference","display_name":"waist circumference","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/antihypertensive-medication-use","display_name":"antihypertensive medication use","score":0.8519999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exercise","display_name":"physical activity","score":0.722000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fruit-and-vegetable-intake","display_name":"fruit and vegetable intake","score":0.824999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hyperglycemia","display_name":"hyperglycemia","score":0.6779999732971191}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.9242589473724365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555293320","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12206","display_name":"Diabetes mellitus","level":2,"score":0.7485204935073853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151956035","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1132755","display_name":"Logistic regression","level":2,"score":0.5896134376525879},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.5864423513412476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777180221","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3025883","display_name":"Type 2 diabetes","level":3,"score":0.569233775138855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776193436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q236232","display_name":"Waist","level":3,"score":0.5550605058670044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.548064112663269},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11783203","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5478027","display_name":"Framingham Risk Score","level":3,"score":0.5100477337837219},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1862650","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186005","display_name":"Physical therapy","level":1,"score":0.32026031613349915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780221984","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131191","display_name":"Body mass index","level":2,"score":0.29701393842697144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779134260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136","display_name":"Disease","level":2,"score":0.28020015358924866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99454951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932068","display_name":"Environmental health","level":1,"score":0.11304330825805664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134018914","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162606","display_name":"Endocrinology","level":1,"score":0.11254382133483887}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D003430","descriptor_name":"Cross-Sectional Studies","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003924","descriptor_name":"Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003924","descriptor_name":"Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2","qualifier_ui":"Q000453","qualifier_name":"epidemiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008875","descriptor_name":"Middle Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011237","descriptor_name":"Predictive Value of Tests","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012042","descriptor_name":"Registries","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012307","descriptor_name":"Risk Factors","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015994","descriptor_name":"Incidence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015999","descriptor_name":"Multivariate Analysis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016015","descriptor_name":"Logistic Models","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018570","descriptor_name":"Risk Assessment","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.2337/diacare.26.3.725","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2337/diacare.26.3.725","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2337/diacare.26.3.725","pdf_url":"https://diabetesjournals.org/care/article-pdf/26/3/725/665299/dc0303000725.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S49878492","display_name":"Diabetes Care","issn_l":"0149-5992","issn":["0149-5992","1935-5548"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","jufo-3","ki-jl-3","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320274","host_organization_name":"American Diabetes Association","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320274"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Diabetes Association"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Diabetes Care","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:12610029","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12610029","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Diabetes care","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.856.4091","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.856.4091","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/26/3/725.full.pdf","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.2337/diacare.26.3.725","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2337/diacare.26.3.725","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2337/diacare.26.3.725","pdf_url":"https://diabetesjournals.org/care/article-pdf/26/3/725/665299/dc0303000725.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S49878492","display_name":"Diabetes Care","issn_l":"0149-5992","issn":["0149-5992","1935-5548"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","jufo-3","ki-jl-3","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320274","host_organization_name":"American Diabetes Association","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320274"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Diabetes Association"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Diabetes Care","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":1.0,"display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study","display_name":"Observational Study"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1883403765","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"38387","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321108","funder_display_name":"Academy of Finland"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2896246105","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"46558","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321108","funder_display_name":"Academy of Finland"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321108","display_name":"Academy of Finland","ror":"https://ror.org/05k73zm37"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320325103","display_name":"Diabetesliitto","ror":"https://ror.org/006enzj37"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2103556204.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2103556204.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":38,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1495647234","https://openalex.org/W1525103832","https://openalex.org/W1525234895","https://openalex.org/W1546723301","https://openalex.org/W1555860740","https://openalex.org/W1847045479","https://openalex.org/W1969916937","https://openalex.org/W1982388193","https://openalex.org/W1992141241","https://openalex.org/W2005890360","https://openalex.org/W2017002944","https://openalex.org/W2021441410","https://openalex.org/W2023460406","https://openalex.org/W2032048326","https://openalex.org/W2050616036","https://openalex.org/W2052726638","https://openalex.org/W2064325470","https://openalex.org/W2066051121","https://openalex.org/W2073590862","https://openalex.org/W2079731219","https://openalex.org/W2093356545","https://openalex.org/W2101568662","https://openalex.org/W2106734747","https://openalex.org/W2129390900","https://openalex.org/W2134293572","https://openalex.org/W2136072678","https://openalex.org/W2140937253","https://openalex.org/W2146536851","https://openalex.org/W2158822657","https://openalex.org/W2160237323","https://openalex.org/W2167495027","https://openalex.org/W2332951586","https://openalex.org/W2400484598","https://openalex.org/W2418778322","https://openalex.org/W4214772579","https://openalex.org/W4229984599","https://openalex.org/W4238843087","https://openalex.org/W4253218566"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7095263670","https://openalex.org/W2186789753","https://openalex.org/W2111806689","https://openalex.org/W2134646525","https://openalex.org/W2979570818","https://openalex.org/W2044666342","https://openalex.org/W1991117555","https://openalex.org/W2121054444","https://openalex.org/W7014978781","https://openalex.org/W2101568662"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"OBJECTIVE:":[0],"Interventions":[1],"to":[2,41,79,172,222],"prevent":[3],"type":[4,62,229],"2":[5,63,230],"diabetes":[6,64],"should":[7],"be":[8],"directed":[9],"toward":[10],"individuals":[11,21,224],"at":[12,51,225],"increased":[13],"risk":[14,151,227],"for":[15,55,117,228],"the":[16,27,68,93,102,178,202],"disease.":[17],"To":[18,174],"identify":[19,223],"such":[20],"without":[22],"laboratory":[23],"tests,":[24],"we":[25],"developed":[26],"Diabetes":[28,87,165,210],"Risk":[29,88,166,211],"Score.":[30],"RESEARCH":[31],"DESIGN":[32],"AND":[33],"METHODS:":[34],"A":[35],"random":[36],"population":[37,109],"sample":[38],"of":[39,60,95,101,126,139,162,184,189,197],"35-":[40],"64-year-old":[42],"men":[43],"and":[44,130,136,186,191,193,199,204,219],"women":[45],"with":[46,114,158],"no":[47],"antidiabetic":[48],"drug":[49,128],"treatment":[50,129],"baseline":[52,150],"were":[53,65,77,144,153],"followed":[54],"10":[56],"years.":[57,119],"New":[58],"cases":[59,161],"drug-treated":[61,176],"ascertained":[66],"from":[67,170],"National":[69],"Drug":[70],"Registry.":[71],"Multivariate":[72],"logistic":[73],"regression":[74],"model":[75],"coefficients":[76],"used":[78],"assign":[80],"each":[81],"variable":[82],"category":[83],"a":[84,214],"score.":[85],"The":[86,99,164,209],"Score":[89,167,212],"was":[90,104],"composed":[91],"as":[92,146],"sum":[94],"these":[96],"individual":[97],"scores.":[98],"validity":[100],"score":[103,179],"tested":[105],"in":[106,112,155,201],"an":[107],"independent":[108],"survey":[110],"performed":[111],"1992":[113,205],"prospective":[115],"follow-up":[116],"5":[118],"RESULTS:":[120],"Age,":[121],"BMI,":[122],"waist":[123],"circumference,":[124],"history":[125],"antihypertensive":[127],"high":[131,226],"blood":[132],"glucose,":[133],"physical":[134],"activity,":[135],"daily":[137],"consumption":[138],"fruits,":[140],"berries,":[141],"or":[142],"vegetables":[143],"selected":[145],"categorical":[147],"variables.":[148],"Complete":[149],"data":[152],"found":[154],"4435":[156],"subjects":[157],"182":[159],"incident":[160],"diabetes.":[163,231],"value":[168,180,196],"varied":[169],"0":[171],"20.":[173],"predict":[175],"diabetes,":[177],">or=9":[181],"had":[182],"sensitivity":[183],"0.78":[185],"0.81,":[187],"specificity":[188],"0.77":[190],"0.76,":[192],"positive":[194],"predictive":[195],"0.13":[198],"0.05":[200],"1987":[203],"cohorts,":[206],"respectively.":[207],"CONCLUSIONS:":[208],"is":[213],"simple,":[215],"fast,":[216],"inexpensive,":[217],"noninvasive,":[218],"reliable":[220],"tool":[221]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":113},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":126},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":125},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":108},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":121},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":143},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":113},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":88},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":79},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":89},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":103},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":89},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":87},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":98},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":78}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}