{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2103298159","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0002716206294809","title":"Discrimination and Desegregation: Equal Opportunity Progress in U.S. Private Sector Workplaces since the Civil Rights Act","display_name":"Discrimination and Desegregation: Equal Opportunity Progress in U.S. Private Sector Workplaces since the Civil Rights Act","publication_year":2006,"publication_date":"2006-12-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2103298159","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0002716206294809","mag":"2103298159"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1177/0002716206294809","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0002716206294809","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0002716206294809","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S150314616","display_name":"The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science","issn_l":"0002-7162","issn":["0002-7162","1552-3349"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-b","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-2","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035459259","display_name":"Donald Tomaskovic\u2010Devey","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3630-1967","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3630-1967"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24603500","display_name":"University of Massachusetts Amherst","ror":"https://ror.org/0072zz521","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24603500"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Donald Tomaskovic-Devey","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Massachusetts, Amherst","University of Massachusetts: Amherst#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Massachusetts, Amherst","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24603500"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Massachusetts: Amherst#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24603500"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083937907","display_name":"Kevin Stainback","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9358-9819","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9358-9819"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kevin Stainback","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Massachusetts"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Massachusetts","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":3650,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3650},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":15.0913,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":129,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98444059,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"609","issue":"1","first_page":"49","last_page":"84"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12970","display_name":"Names, Identity, and Discrimination Research","score":0.45170000195503235,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12970","display_name":"Names, Identity, and Discrimination Research","score":0.45170000195503235,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11047","display_name":"Gender Diversity and Inequality","score":0.1193000003695488,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3318","display_name":"Gender Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10208","display_name":"Labor market dynamics and wage inequality","score":0.08030000329017639,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/equal-employment-opportunity","display_name":"equal employment opportunity","score":0.9409999847412109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/employment-discrimination","display_name":"employment discrimination","score":0.6930000185966492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/racial-inequality","display_name":"racial inequality","score":0.6039999723434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gender-inequality","display_name":"gender inequality","score":0.8410000205039978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/civil-rights-act-of-1964","display_name":"Civil Rights Act of 1964","score":0.9300000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/private-sector-employment","display_name":"private sector employment","score":0.800000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/status-inequality","display_name":"status inequality","score":0.5040000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business-practices","display_name":"organizational practices","score":0.8999999761581421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/desegregation","display_name":"desegregation","score":0.7170000076293945}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779361081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48532","display_name":"Desegregation","level":2,"score":0.8909469842910767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2994225426","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q191600","display_name":"Civil rights","level":2,"score":0.7700948715209961},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45555294","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28113351","display_name":"Inequality","level":2,"score":0.5917845368385315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777526511","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q691543","display_name":"Pace","level":2,"score":0.5718373656272888},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.5163130164146423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018429975","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q912512","display_name":"Equal opportunity","level":2,"score":0.4950050711631775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139838865","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8461","display_name":"Racism","level":2,"score":0.4715300500392914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2993078153","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7279580","display_name":"Racial equality","level":3,"score":0.4404074549674988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780972836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3772686","display_name":"Racial integration","level":2,"score":0.4343010187149048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780870317","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5384153","display_name":"Equal employment opportunity","level":3,"score":0.42999938130378723},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121426985","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q591763","display_name":"Private sector","level":2,"score":0.41478288173675537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.37774667143821716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3116431","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31728","display_name":"Public administration","level":1,"score":0.33524417877197266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190253527","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q295354","display_name":"Law and economics","level":1,"score":0.2637621760368347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.25481003522872925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776034101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1509347","display_name":"Commission","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1177/0002716206294809","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0002716206294809","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0002716206294809","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S150314616","display_name":"The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science","issn_l":"0002-7162","issn":["0002-7162","1552-3349"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-b","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-2","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:sae:anname:v:609:y:2007:i:1:p:49-84","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0002716206294809","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":1.0,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","display_name":"Reduced inequalities"},{"score":0.833299994468689,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","display_name":"Decent work and economic growth"},{"score":0.5473999977111816,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":72,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W5978067","https://openalex.org/W151157839","https://openalex.org/W182635265","https://openalex.org/W628172195","https://openalex.org/W651796509","https://openalex.org/W1488837022","https://openalex.org/W1506136775","https://openalex.org/W1550622587","https://openalex.org/W1551653989","https://openalex.org/W1557998370","https://openalex.org/W1559884185","https://openalex.org/W1968777899","https://openalex.org/W1973753226","https://openalex.org/W1987011758","https://openalex.org/W1987831958","https://openalex.org/W1990150066","https://openalex.org/W1992496496","https://openalex.org/W1992528902","https://openalex.org/W1992770143","https://openalex.org/W1993663609","https://openalex.org/W1993847277","https://openalex.org/W2008555247","https://openalex.org/W2010505597","https://openalex.org/W2011281600","https://openalex.org/W2012058957","https://openalex.org/W2020662823","https://openalex.org/W2024102247","https://openalex.org/W2024573942","https://openalex.org/W2033080806","https://openalex.org/W2038171881","https://openalex.org/W2060572595","https://openalex.org/W2063999373","https://openalex.org/W2064503570","https://openalex.org/W2067145748","https://openalex.org/W2067589470","https://openalex.org/W2076054087","https://openalex.org/W2080573065","https://openalex.org/W2081271837","https://openalex.org/W2086844535","https://openalex.org/W2088311297","https://openalex.org/W2090455345","https://openalex.org/W2090683397","https://openalex.org/W2090813403","https://openalex.org/W2091725322","https://openalex.org/W2099505621","https://openalex.org/W2103021029","https://openalex.org/W2123168694","https://openalex.org/W2127629438","https://openalex.org/W2133297233","https://openalex.org/W2137204658","https://openalex.org/W2142765611","https://openalex.org/W2145767742","https://openalex.org/W2146191806","https://openalex.org/W2151955343","https://openalex.org/W2166076367","https://openalex.org/W2318553564","https://openalex.org/W2370792130","https://openalex.org/W2574564044","https://openalex.org/W2608798911","https://openalex.org/W2795793390","https://openalex.org/W2903590133","https://openalex.org/W3005720677","https://openalex.org/W3021558288","https://openalex.org/W3122500871","https://openalex.org/W3123282572","https://openalex.org/W4247009129","https://openalex.org/W4251062424","https://openalex.org/W4252010559","https://openalex.org/W4254775441","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W4298052922","https://openalex.org/W4299291752"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2086844535","https://openalex.org/W2003595429","https://openalex.org/W2120416922","https://openalex.org/W7098338308","https://openalex.org/W2090455345","https://openalex.org/W6990470487","https://openalex.org/W3174078202","https://openalex.org/W2105363928","https://openalex.org/W1680973193","https://openalex.org/W2310436523"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Numerous":[0],"commentators":[1],"have":[2,22,41,63],"concluded":[3],"that":[4,26,116],"the":[5,27,61,102,110,124],"Civil":[6,103],"Rights":[7,104],"Act":[8,105],"was":[9],"effective":[10],"in":[11,60,95,98,123],"promoting":[12],"increased":[13],"access":[14],"to":[15,54,119],"quality":[16],"jobs":[17],"for":[18],"racial":[19],"minorities.":[20],"Many":[21],"worried":[23],"as":[24],"well":[25],"pace":[28],"of":[29,57,68,106,132],"change":[30],"has":[31],"been":[32],"too":[33],"slow":[34],"or":[35],"stalled,":[36],"particularly":[37],"after":[38],"1980.":[39],"Few":[40],"directly":[42],"discussed":[43],"under":[44],"what":[45],"conditions":[46],"we":[47,92],"might":[48,129],"expect":[49],"equal":[50],"employment":[51],"opportunity":[52],"(EEO)":[53],"flourish.":[55],"Explanations":[56],"status":[58,121],"inequalities":[59,122],"workplace":[62,125],"primarily":[64],"relied":[65],"on":[66,75],"theories":[67],"social":[69],"conflict":[70],"and":[71,108,113,126],"discrimination.":[72],"Organizational":[73],"perspectives":[74],"stratification,":[76],"while":[77],"not":[78],"completely":[79],"absent":[80],"from":[81],"previous":[82],"research,":[83],"remain":[84],"a":[85],"road":[86],"less":[87],"traveled.":[88],"In":[89],"this":[90],"paper":[91],"present":[93],"trends":[94],"race-sex":[96],"inequality":[97],"U.S.":[99],"workplaces":[100],"since":[101],"1964":[107],"describe":[109],"organizational":[111],"practices":[112],"discrimination":[114],"processes":[115],"are":[117],"likely":[118],"maintain":[120],"those":[127],"which":[128],"be":[130],"catalysts":[131],"change.":[133]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":21},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-10-14T16:39:01.820549","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}