{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2103029344","doi":null,"title":"Unexpectedly high strain diversity of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in a high-incidence community.","display_name":"Unexpectedly high strain diversity of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in a high-incidence community.","publication_year":1996,"publication_date":"1996-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2103029344","mag":"2103029344","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8685781"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmid:8685781","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8685781","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"South African medical journal = Suid-Afrikaanse tydskrif vir geneeskunde","raw_type":"Journal Article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021801489","display_name":"Robin M. Warren","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5741-7358","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5741-7358"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I26092322","display_name":"Stellenbosch University","ror":"https://ror.org/05bk57929","country_code":"ZA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I26092322"]}],"countries":["ZA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"R Warren","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Stellenbosch, Tygerberg, W. Cape"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Stellenbosch, Tygerberg, W. Cape","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I26092322"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002624549","display_name":"John H. Hauman","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J Hauman","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043774258","display_name":"Nulda Beyers","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"N Beyers","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110199676","display_name":"M. Richardson","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M Richardson","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001170851","display_name":"Hendrik Simon Schaaf","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5755-4133","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5755-4133"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"H S Schaaf","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112446730","display_name":"Peter Roderick Donald","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"P Donald","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036451747","display_name":"PD van Helden","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"P van Helden","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":7.489,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":70,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97437495,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"86","issue":"1","first_page":"45","last_page":"9"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10038","display_name":"Tuberculosis Research and Epidemiology","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2725","display_name":"Infectious Diseases"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10038","display_name":"Tuberculosis Research and Epidemiology","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2725","display_name":"Infectious Diseases"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11316","display_name":"Mycobacterium research and diagnosis","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2713","display_name":"Epidemiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11381","display_name":"Infectious Diseases and Tuberculosis","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2746","display_name":"Surgery"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mycobacterium-tuberculosis","display_name":"Mycobacterium tuberculosis","score":0.996999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/strain-diversity","display_name":"strain diversity","score":0.9470000267028809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tuberculosis-transmission","display_name":"tuberculosis transmission","score":0.906000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tuberculosis-epidemic","display_name":"tuberculosis epidemic","score":0.492000013589859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/drug-resistant-tuberculosis","display_name":"drug-resistant tuberculosis","score":0.8600000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/latent-tuberculosis-reactivation","display_name":"latent tuberculosis reactivation","score":0.7329999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bcg-vaccination","display_name":"BCG vaccination","score":0.8700000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/strain-clustering","display_name":"strain clustering","score":0.5619999766349792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cape-town","display_name":"Cape Town","score":0.5550000071525574}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.7602488398551941},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777975735","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q130971","display_name":"Mycobacterium tuberculosis","level":3,"score":0.7557904720306396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781069245","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12204","display_name":"Tuberculosis","level":2,"score":0.7411810755729675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C761482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118093","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","level":2,"score":0.6858553290367126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776301714","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q259346","display_name":"Sputum","level":3,"score":0.5827966928482056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79386861","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q476697","display_name":"DNA profiling","level":3,"score":0.5507861971855164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61511704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1671857","display_name":"Incidence (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.5248662829399109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114851261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12147416","display_name":"Drug resistance","level":2,"score":0.4978206157684326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89423630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7193","display_name":"Microbiology","level":1,"score":0.43034958839416504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C501593827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12187","display_name":"Antibiotics","level":2,"score":0.41598621010780334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.19883573055267334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.14355593919754028},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54355233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162","display_name":"Genetics","level":1,"score":0.12186595797538757},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C552990157","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7430","display_name":"DNA","level":2,"score":0.11616981029510498},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000293","descriptor_name":"Adolescent","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000368","descriptor_name":"Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002648","descriptor_name":"Child","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002675","descriptor_name":"Child, Preschool","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004269","descriptor_name":"DNA, Bacterial","qualifier_ui":"Q000032","qualifier_name":"analysis","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004269","descriptor_name":"DNA, Bacterial","qualifier_ui":"Q000302","qualifier_name":"isolation & purification","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007223","descriptor_name":"Infant","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007231","descriptor_name":"Infant, Newborn","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008875","descriptor_name":"Middle Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009169","descriptor_name":"Mycobacterium tuberculosis","qualifier_ui":"Q000145","qualifier_name":"classification","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D009169","descriptor_name":"Mycobacterium tuberculosis","qualifier_ui":"Q000235","qualifier_name":"genetics","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D009169","descriptor_name":"Mycobacterium tuberculosis","qualifier_ui":"Q000302","qualifier_name":"isolation & purification","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012150","descriptor_name":"Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013019","descriptor_name":"South Africa","qualifier_ui":"Q000453","qualifier_name":"epidemiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013183","descriptor_name":"Sputum","qualifier_ui":"Q000382","qualifier_name":"microbiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014397","descriptor_name":"Tuberculosis, Pulmonary","qualifier_ui":"Q000382","qualifier_name":"microbiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014397","descriptor_name":"Tuberculosis, Pulmonary","qualifier_ui":"Q000453","qualifier_name":"epidemiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015373","descriptor_name":"Bacterial Typing Techniques","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015994","descriptor_name":"Incidence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016000","descriptor_name":"Cluster Analysis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016172","descriptor_name":"DNA Fingerprinting","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"pmid:8685781","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8685781","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"South African medical journal = Suid-Afrikaanse tydskrif vir geneeskunde","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:scholar.sun.ac.za:10019.1/7242","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/7242","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400300","display_name":"SUNScholar (Stellenbosch University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I26092322","host_organization_name":"Stellenbosch University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I26092322"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"mag:2103029344","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8685781","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"PubMed","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.9789000153541565,"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"study_designs":[{"display_name":"Observational Study","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2006612250","https://openalex.org/W3210455335","https://openalex.org/W3021568364","https://openalex.org/W1975993478","https://openalex.org/W2050529307","https://openalex.org/W2117286584","https://openalex.org/W3082851457","https://openalex.org/W2041846154","https://openalex.org/W7098848722","https://openalex.org/W2416177004"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"OBJECTIVE:":[0],"To":[1],"characterise":[2],"Mycobacterium":[3],"tuberculosis":[4,55,75,220],"strains":[5,84,96,119,188],"present":[6,98],"in":[7,13,24,99,106,150,181,203,221],"a":[8,18,110,128,135],"community":[9],"experiencing":[10],"an":[11],"epidemic,":[12],"order":[14],"to":[15,142],"establish":[16],"whether":[17],"high":[19,129,164,177],"rate":[20,113,158],"of":[21,41,72,94,114,122,131,144,152,159,166,179,186,195,200,219],"transmission":[22,112,160],"results":[23],"low":[25,157],"strain":[26,132,167,228],"diversity.":[27],"DESIGN:":[28],"Sputum":[29],"specimens":[30],"collected":[31],"for":[32],"18":[33],"months;":[34],"IS6110-based":[35,80],"DNA":[36,67,81],"fingerprinting.":[37,68],"SETTING:":[38],"The":[39,116,156,184],"communities":[40],"Ravensmead":[42],"and":[43,52,134,162,173],"Uitsig,":[44],"Cape":[45],"Town,":[46],"South":[47],"Africa.":[48],"PARTICIPANTS:":[49],"Three":[50],"hundred":[51],"thirty-four":[53],"pulmonary":[54],"patients":[56,103,105],"attending":[57],"the":[58,145,163,176,198,217,227],"Local":[59],"Authority":[60],"Health":[61],"Care":[62],"Clinic.":[63],"MAIN":[64],"OUTCOME":[65],"MEASURE:":[66],"RESULTS:":[69],"A":[70],"total":[71],"334":[73],"M.":[74],"isolates":[76],"were":[77,85,97],"characterised":[78],"by":[79],"fingerprinting;":[82],"209":[83],"identified,":[86],"199":[87],"having":[88,213],"5":[89],"or":[90,101],"more":[91,102],"insertions.":[92],"Forty":[93],"these":[95],"2":[100],"(clustering--126":[104],"total),":[107],"which":[108],"indicates":[109],"recent":[111],"30%.":[115],"163":[117],"unique":[118],"suggest":[120],"reactivation":[121],"latent":[123],"infections.":[124],"Computer":[125],"analysis":[126],"showed":[127],"degree":[130,165],"diversity,":[133],"common":[136],"progenitor":[137],"could":[138],"only":[139],"be":[140],"linked":[141],"33%":[143],"strains.":[146],"Clustering":[147],"was":[148,171],"shown":[149],"50%":[151],"drug-resistant":[153,187],"isolates.":[154],"CONCLUSIONS:":[155],"(30%)":[161],"diversity":[168],"(209":[169],"strains)":[170],"unexpected":[172],"unexplained,":[174],"given":[175],"burden":[178],"disease":[180],"this":[182,204,222],"community.":[183,205],"clustering":[185],"suggests":[189],"that":[190,209],"transmission,":[191],"rather":[192],"than":[193],"lack":[194],"compliance,":[196],"drives":[197],"spread":[199],"antibiotic":[201],"resistance":[202],"Preliminary":[206],"indications":[207],"are":[208],"BCG":[210],"vaccination,":[211],"while":[212],"little":[214],"effect":[215],"on":[216],"incidence":[218],"community,":[223],"may":[224],"have":[225],"altered":[226],"dynamics.":[229]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}