{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2102912352","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a009343","title":"Is Gulf War Syndrome Due to Stress? The Evidence Reexamined","display_name":"Is Gulf War Syndrome Due to Stress? The Evidence Reexamined","publication_year":1997,"publication_date":"1997-11-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2102912352","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a009343","mag":"2102912352","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9366616"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a009343","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a009343","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a009343","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S170967050","display_name":"American Journal of Epidemiology","issn_l":"0002-9262","issn":["0002-9262","1476-6256"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-2","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"American Journal of Epidemiology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086546762","display_name":"Robert W. Haley","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8849-9579","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8849-9579"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I867280407","display_name":"The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center","ror":"https://ror.org/05byvp690","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I867280407"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"R. W. Haley","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas 75235-8874, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas 75235-8874, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I867280407"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5086546762"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I867280407"],"apc_list":{"value":4856,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4856},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":7.379,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":61,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97269332,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"146","issue":"9","first_page":"695","last_page":"703"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10242","display_name":"Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research","score":0.9848999977111816,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3203","display_name":"Clinical Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10242","display_name":"Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research","score":0.9848999977111816,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3203","display_name":"Clinical Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11334","display_name":"Psychosomatic Disorders and Their Treatments","score":0.0052999998442828655,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2738","display_name":"Psychiatry and Mental health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10762","display_name":"Migration, Health and Trauma","score":0.0017999999690800905,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3203","display_name":"Clinical Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gulf-war-illness","display_name":"Gulf War illness","score":0.9139999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gulf-war-veterans","display_name":"Gulf War veterans","score":0.8100000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/posttraumatic-stress-disorder","display_name":"post-traumatic stress disorder","score":0.9950000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ptsd-prevalence","display_name":"PTSD prevalence","score":0.652999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/measurement-error","display_name":"measurement error","score":0.75},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychometric-scale","display_name":"psychometric scale","score":0.5210000276565552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/false-positive-results","display_name":"false positives","score":0.47600001096725464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stress-related-symptoms","display_name":"stress-related symptoms","score":0.7200000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vietnam-veterans","display_name":"Vietnam War veterans","score":0.4749999940395355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gulf-war","display_name":"Gulf War","score":0.6010000109672546}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775969662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7923600","display_name":"Veterans Affairs","level":2,"score":0.7997241020202637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2994199513","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37643","display_name":"Gulf war","level":2,"score":0.6804068088531494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118552586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867","display_name":"Psychiatry","level":1,"score":0.6384263634681702},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54589662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8740","display_name":"Vietnam War","level":2,"score":0.5969325304031372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.5346082448959351},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2991847609","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q202387","display_name":"Posttraumatic stress","level":2,"score":0.5290219783782959},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776527531","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9168","display_name":"Persian","level":2,"score":0.4544660151004791},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779473830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1540899","display_name":"MEDLINE","level":2,"score":0.4212239682674408},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70410870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199906","display_name":"Clinical psychology","level":1,"score":0.4126547574996948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.08257898688316345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.07779157161712646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6303427","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47398","display_name":"Economic history","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D003937","descriptor_name":"Diagnosis, Differential","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005189","descriptor_name":"False Positive Reactions","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008016","descriptor_name":"Life Change Events","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008950","descriptor_name":"MMPI","qualifier_ui":"Q000706","qualifier_name":"statistics & numerical data","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011569","descriptor_name":"Psychiatric Status Rating Scales","qualifier_ui":"Q000706","qualifier_name":"statistics & numerical data","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012680","descriptor_name":"Sensitivity and Specificity","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013313","descriptor_name":"Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D013313","descriptor_name":"Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic","qualifier_ui":"Q000453","qualifier_name":"epidemiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013313","descriptor_name":"Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic","qualifier_ui":"Q000523","qualifier_name":"psychology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013315","descriptor_name":"Stress, Psychological","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013315","descriptor_name":"Stress, Psychological","qualifier_ui":"Q000453","qualifier_name":"epidemiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014728","descriptor_name":"Veterans","qualifier_ui":"Q000523","qualifier_name":"psychology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015203","descriptor_name":"Reproducibility of Results","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015995","descriptor_name":"Prevalence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018923","descriptor_name":"Persian Gulf Syndrome","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018923","descriptor_name":"Persian Gulf Syndrome","qualifier_ui":"Q000209","qualifier_name":"etiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D018923","descriptor_name":"Persian Gulf Syndrome","qualifier_ui":"Q000453","qualifier_name":"epidemiology","is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a009343","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a009343","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a009343","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S170967050","display_name":"American Journal of Epidemiology","issn_l":"0002-9262","issn":["0002-9262","1476-6256"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-2","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"American Journal of Epidemiology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:9366616","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9366616","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"American journal of epidemiology","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmid:9717885","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9717885","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"American journal of epidemiology","raw_type":"Comment"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.9537000060081482,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320310169","display_name":"University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center","ror":"https://ror.org/05byvp690"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":44,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W32698358","https://openalex.org/W51978740","https://openalex.org/W72413206","https://openalex.org/W110007297","https://openalex.org/W193960551","https://openalex.org/W256059442","https://openalex.org/W562443949","https://openalex.org/W1740339172","https://openalex.org/W1974078343","https://openalex.org/W1976173847","https://openalex.org/W1976890251","https://openalex.org/W1994247305","https://openalex.org/W2009221825","https://openalex.org/W2010344769","https://openalex.org/W2015858296","https://openalex.org/W2020536665","https://openalex.org/W2022015247","https://openalex.org/W2057240029","https://openalex.org/W2058486013","https://openalex.org/W2059092165","https://openalex.org/W2062863972","https://openalex.org/W2066358461","https://openalex.org/W2077207939","https://openalex.org/W2082497952","https://openalex.org/W2093260982","https://openalex.org/W2093982682","https://openalex.org/W2102561707","https://openalex.org/W2107959833","https://openalex.org/W2114214919","https://openalex.org/W2121233376","https://openalex.org/W2128795011","https://openalex.org/W2156746683","https://openalex.org/W2158223803","https://openalex.org/W2162360052","https://openalex.org/W2168862671","https://openalex.org/W2211339250","https://openalex.org/W2248604067","https://openalex.org/W2267923631","https://openalex.org/W2295739044","https://openalex.org/W2326049539","https://openalex.org/W2413510162","https://openalex.org/W2413553109","https://openalex.org/W2941275013","https://openalex.org/W4255304519"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7098925817","https://openalex.org/W4240116738","https://openalex.org/W2111559362","https://openalex.org/W2080450846","https://openalex.org/W2122950623","https://openalex.org/W2012943710","https://openalex.org/W2083330869","https://openalex.org/W2315533298","https://openalex.org/W51978740","https://openalex.org/W1503010466"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Medical":[0],"policy-makers":[1],"have":[2],"concluded":[3],"that":[4,173],"stress":[5,66],"from":[6,36,100],"wartime":[7],"trauma":[8],"and":[9,54,121,170,184],"deployment":[10],"constitutes":[11],"an":[12],"important":[13],"cause":[14],"of":[15,44,64,114,127,136,140,155,163,174,190,199,204],"the":[16,27,41,45,115,128,141,148,161],"chronic":[17],"physical":[18],"symptoms":[19,203],"observed":[20],"in":[21,26,40,69,152,188],"US":[22],"veterans":[23,72,158,168,176,193],"who":[24],"served":[25],"Persian":[28],"Gulf":[29,50,70,156,191],"War.":[30],"The":[31],"author":[32],"reviewed":[33],"scientific":[34],"articles":[35],"peer-reviewed":[37],"journals":[38],"referenced":[39],"final":[42],"report":[43],"Presidential":[46],"Advisory":[47],"Committee":[48],"on":[49,78,86,147],"War":[51,71,157,192],"Veterans'":[52],"illnesses":[53],"conducted":[55],"a":[56],"MEDLINE":[57],"literature":[58],"search.":[59],"All":[60],"reported":[61,143,187],"prevalence":[62],"rates":[63,98,135],"post-traumatic":[65],"disorder":[67],"(PTSD)":[68],"were":[73,159],"defined":[74],"by":[75,82,92],"critical":[76],"cutpoints":[77],"psychometric":[79,129],"scales":[80],"constructed":[81],"summing":[83],"veterans'":[84],"responses":[85],"standardized":[87],"symptom":[88],"questionnaires":[89],"rather":[90],"than":[91],"clinical":[93],"psychiatric":[94],"interviews.":[95],"Observed":[96],"PTSD":[97,134,150,180,183],"varied":[99],"0%":[101,137],"to":[102,119,125,195],"36%":[103],"(mean,":[104],"9%).":[105],"Correcting":[106],"for":[107,138,165],"measurement":[108,200],"errors":[109,198],"with":[110,177],"previously":[111],"determined":[112],"values":[113,164],"sensitivity":[116],"(range":[117,123],"0.77":[118],"0.96)":[120],"specificity":[122],"0.62":[124],"0.89)":[126],"tests":[130],"yielded":[131],"estimated":[132],"true":[133],"18":[139],"20":[142],"rates.":[144],"Mean":[145],"scores":[146],"Mississippi":[149],"scale":[151],"all":[153],"subgroups":[154],"within":[160],"range":[162],"well-adjusted":[166],"Vietnam":[167,175],"(50-89)":[169],"far":[171],"below":[172],"psychiatrically":[178],"confirmed":[179],"(120-140).":[181],"Most":[182],"\"stress-related":[185],"symptoms\"":[186],"studies":[189],"appear":[194],"represent":[196],"false-positive":[197],"reflecting":[201],"nonspecific":[202],"other":[205],"conditions.":[206]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}