{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2102897151","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/72.554196","title":"Face recognition/detection by probabilistic decision-based neural network","display_name":"Face recognition/detection by probabilistic decision-based neural network","publication_year":1997,"publication_date":"1997-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2102897151","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/72.554196","mag":"2102897151","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18255615"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/72.554196","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/72.554196","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/72.554196","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S42080949","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks","issn_l":"1045-9227","issn":["1045-9227","1941-0093"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks","raw_type":"journal-article"},"parent_works":[],"lineage":["https://openalex.org/W2102897151"],"child_works_count":0,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108363210","display_name":"Shang\u2010Hung Lin","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20089843","display_name":"Princeton University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hx57361","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shang-Hung Lin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dept. of Electr. Eng., Princeton Univ., NJ","Department of Electrical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Electr. Eng., Princeton Univ., NJ","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072714962","display_name":"Sun\u2010Yuan Kung","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7314-0720","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7314-0720"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20089843","display_name":"Princeton University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hx57361","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sun-Yuan Kung","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5107841673","display_name":"Long-Ji Lin","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210137693","display_name":"Siemens (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/04axb7e79","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1325886976","https://openalex.org/I4210137693"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Long-Ji Lin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Siemens SCR, Inc., Princeton, NJ, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Siemens SCR, Inc., Princeton, NJ, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210137693"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":23.3042,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":584,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99699984,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":"1","first_page":"114","last_page":"132"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.7699999809265137,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.7699999809265137,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.21119999885559082,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11094","display_name":"Face Recognition and Perception","score":0.006599999964237213,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face-recognition","display_name":"face recognition","score":0.996999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face-detection","display_name":"face detection","score":0.9900000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/eye-localization","display_name":"eye localization","score":0.8240000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-feature-extraction","display_name":"facial feature extraction","score":0.7760000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hierarchical-neural-networks","display_name":"hierarchical neural networks","score":0.6919999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biometric-recognition","display_name":"biometric identification","score":0.8840000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feret-database","display_name":"FERET database","score":0.824999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/orl-face-database","display_name":"ORL face database","score":0.9760000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/false-acceptance-and-rejection-rates","display_name":"false acceptance and rejection rates","score":0.6389999985694885}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8151342272758484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7752475738525391},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31510193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1192553","display_name":"Facial recognition system","level":3,"score":0.7368621826171875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C88799230","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3398329","display_name":"Three-dimensional face recognition","level":5,"score":0.6313599348068237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.6293773651123047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.5931317806243896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184297639","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177765","display_name":"Biometrics","level":2,"score":0.5682471394538879},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49937458","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2599292","display_name":"Probabilistic logic","level":2,"score":0.5506923198699951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.5399454236030579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4641261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11681085","display_name":"Face detection","level":4,"score":0.5395523905754089},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779304628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503480","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","level":2,"score":0.5223535299301147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.5052135586738586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.4665876030921936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9417928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1070689","display_name":"Image processing","level":3,"score":0.4130898118019104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.4130377769470215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.41156163811683655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.1343401074409485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/72.554196","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/72.554196","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/72.554196","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S42080949","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks","issn_l":"1045-9227","issn":["1045-9227","1941-0093"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:18255615","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18255615","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE transactions on neural networks","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":36,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1480865305","https://openalex.org/W1507020924","https://openalex.org/W1508371546","https://openalex.org/W1535495869","https://openalex.org/W1550853776","https://openalex.org/W1567658875","https://openalex.org/W1591931903","https://openalex.org/W1980501707","https://openalex.org/W2006572133","https://openalex.org/W2024511189","https://openalex.org/W2049633694","https://openalex.org/W2056196772","https://openalex.org/W2056472014","https://openalex.org/W2057233901","https://openalex.org/W2095757522","https://openalex.org/W2098947662","https://openalex.org/W2099312605","https://openalex.org/W2103560185","https://openalex.org/W2111123712","https://openalex.org/W2113341759","https://openalex.org/W2115689562","https://openalex.org/W2123687672","https://openalex.org/W2125713050","https://openalex.org/W2134616619","https://openalex.org/W2138451337","https://openalex.org/W2141278204","https://openalex.org/W2143956139","https://openalex.org/W2144354855","https://openalex.org/W2151598480","https://openalex.org/W2159173611","https://openalex.org/W2159540571","https://openalex.org/W2162276118","https://openalex.org/W2536747761","https://openalex.org/W2536989580","https://openalex.org/W6682205754","https://openalex.org/W6684155497"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1507020924","https://openalex.org/W2536989580","https://openalex.org/W2160930522","https://openalex.org/W6959817640","https://openalex.org/W1848472135","https://openalex.org/W2088525234","https://openalex.org/W1581496417","https://openalex.org/W3208091089","https://openalex.org/W769201669","https://openalex.org/W2111813847"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1,150],"proposes":[2],"a":[3,69,76,120,136,145,152],"face":[4,40,61,70,78,121,158],"recognition":[5,28,41,62,159,183,203],"system,":[6,21],"based":[7],"on":[8,17,26,161,177,219],"probabilistic":[9],"decision-based":[10],"neural":[11],"networks":[12],"(PDBNN).":[13],"With":[14],"technological":[15],"advance":[16],"microelectronic":[18],"and":[19,57,106,144,165,167,190,213],"vision":[20],"high":[22],"performance":[23],"automatic":[24],"techniques":[25],"biometric":[27,37],"are":[29,194],"now":[30],"becoming":[31],"economically":[32],"feasible.":[33],"Among":[34],"all":[35,130],"the":[36,73,87,116,131,173,198,201],"identification":[38],"methods,":[39],"has":[42,51],"attracted":[43],"much":[44],"attention":[45],"in":[46,79,92],"recent":[47],"years":[48],"because":[49],"it":[50],"potential":[52],"to":[53,94,129,157,197],"be":[54,113,126],"most":[55],"nonintrusive":[56],"user-friendly.":[58],"The":[59,99,123,149],"PDBNN":[60,124,156,206],"system":[63],"consists":[64],"of":[65,75,89,155],"three":[66,132,178],"modules:":[67],"First,":[68],"detector":[71],"finds":[72],"location":[74],"human":[77],"an":[80,83],"image.":[81],"Then":[82],"eye":[84,209],"localizer":[85],"determines":[86],"positions":[88],"both":[90],"eyes":[91],"order":[93],"generate":[95],"meaningful":[96],"feature":[97,211],"vectors.":[98],"facial":[100],"region":[101],"proposed":[102],"contains":[103],"eyebrows,":[104],"eyes,":[105],"nose,":[107],"but":[108],"excluding":[109],"mouth":[110],"(eye-glasses":[111],"will":[112],"allowed).":[114],"Lastly,":[115],"third":[117],"module":[118],"is":[119],"recognizer.":[122],"can":[125],"effectively":[127],"applied":[128],"modules.":[133],"It":[134],"adopts":[135],"hierarchical":[137],"network":[138],"structures":[139],"with":[140],"nonlinear":[141],"basis":[142],"functions":[143],"competitive":[146],"credit-assignment":[147],"scheme.":[148],"demonstrates":[151],"successful":[153],"application":[154],"applications":[160],"two":[162],"public":[163],"(FERET":[164],"ORL)":[166],"one":[168,217],"in-house":[169],"(SCR)":[170],"databases.":[171],"Regarding":[172],"performance,":[174],"experimental":[175],"results":[176],"different":[179],"databases":[180],"such":[181],"as":[182,185,187],"accuracies":[184],"well":[186],"false":[188,191],"rejection":[189],"acceptance":[192],"rates":[193],"elaborated.":[195],"As":[196],"processing":[199,207],"speed,":[200],"whole":[202],"process":[204],"(including":[205],"for":[208],"localization,":[210],"extraction,":[212],"classification)":[214],"consumes":[215],"approximately":[216],"second":[218],"Sparc10,":[220],"without":[221],"using":[222],"hardware":[223],"accelerator":[224],"or":[225],"co-processor.":[226]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":24},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":26},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":22}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}