{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2102813705","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/002221947701000213","title":"A Merger of Categories","display_name":"A Merger of Categories","publication_year":1977,"publication_date":"1977-02-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2102813705","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/002221947701000213","mag":"2102813705"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1177/002221947701000213","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/002221947701000213","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/002221947701000213","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S26220619","display_name":"Journal of Learning Disabilities","issn_l":"0022-2194","issn":["0022-2194","1469-0047","1538-4780","2047-6108"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","erih-plus","jufo-3","medline","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Learning Disabilities","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006819414","display_name":"M. Stephen Lilly","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157725225","display_name":"University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign","ror":"https://ror.org/047426m28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801919071","display_name":"University of Illinois System","ror":"https://ror.org/05e94g991","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801919071"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"M. Stephen Lilly","raw_affiliation_strings":["M. Stephen Lilly, Department of Special Education, University of Itlinois, 188 Education B1dg., Urbana, III. 61801"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"M. Stephen Lilly, Department of Special Education, University of Itlinois, 188 Education B1dg., Urbana, III. 61801","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157725225","https://openalex.org/I2801919071"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5006819414"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157725225","https://openalex.org/I2801919071"],"apc_list":{"value":3650,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3650},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.9453,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":26,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9376783,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":"2","first_page":"115","last_page":"122"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10826","display_name":"Behavioral and Psychological Studies","score":0.4666000008583069,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10826","display_name":"Behavioral and Psychological Studies","score":0.4666000008583069,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14104","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Neuropsychology","score":0.3732999861240387,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3206","display_name":"Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14017","display_name":"Legal Issues in Education","score":0.039000000804662704,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/learning-disabilities","display_name":"learning disabilities","score":0.9850000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/definition-of-learning-disabilities","display_name":"definition of learning disabilities","score":0.9509999752044678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/emotional-disturbance","display_name":"emotional disturbance","score":0.8109999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/behavior-disorders","display_name":"behavior disorders","score":0.7649999856948853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/special-education-services","display_name":"special education services","score":0.7870000004768372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/school-referral","display_name":"school referral","score":0.5730000138282776}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28858896","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q212105","display_name":"Special education","level":2,"score":0.7913959622383118},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15107229","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860740","display_name":"Learning disability","level":2,"score":0.7861641645431519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777512617","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1783605","display_name":"Staffing","level":2,"score":0.7121256589889526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.6887553334236145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776135927","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5242559","display_name":"Referral","level":2,"score":0.6829100251197815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779703844","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q760125","display_name":"Reimbursement","level":3,"score":0.5531488656997681},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61797465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1188986","display_name":"Term (time)","level":2,"score":0.4713023900985718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192209626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190909","display_name":"Focus (optics)","level":2,"score":0.4429141581058502},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138496976","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175002","display_name":"Developmental psychology","level":1,"score":0.3297438323497772},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145420912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853077","display_name":"Mathematics education","level":1,"score":0.30162978172302246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159110408","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121176","display_name":"Nursing","level":1,"score":0.1634729504585266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.11960312724113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160735492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31207","display_name":"Health care","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1177/002221947701000213","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/002221947701000213","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/002221947701000213","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S26220619","display_name":"Journal of Learning Disabilities","issn_l":"0022-2194","issn":["0022-2194","1469-0047","1538-4780","2047-6108"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","erih-plus","jufo-3","medline","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Learning Disabilities","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality education","score":0.6164000034332275,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":16,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W318908466","https://openalex.org/W636024005","https://openalex.org/W1555259643","https://openalex.org/W2041664860","https://openalex.org/W2083852221","https://openalex.org/W2098810231","https://openalex.org/W2103196690","https://openalex.org/W2114980214","https://openalex.org/W2118102346","https://openalex.org/W2131045694","https://openalex.org/W2140741038","https://openalex.org/W2151438984","https://openalex.org/W2423465211","https://openalex.org/W2774345122","https://openalex.org/W2794416033","https://openalex.org/W4250108657"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1797479981","https://openalex.org/W7095953893","https://openalex.org/W89153975","https://openalex.org/W3005211621","https://openalex.org/W2469223258","https://openalex.org/W2154743682","https://openalex.org/W2009477041","https://openalex.org/W1905713562","https://openalex.org/W2906270387","https://openalex.org/W4244074347"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"article":[1],"examines":[2],"the":[3,13,22,60,69,82],"background":[4],"and":[5,17,53,84,90],"current":[6],"status":[7],"o":[8],"f":[9],"attempts":[10],"to":[11,51],"define":[12],"term":[14],"\u201clearning":[15],"disabilities,\u201d":[16],"concludes":[18],"that":[19],"resolution":[20],"of":[21,31,45,68,71],"problem":[23],"by":[24,78],"continued":[25],"search":[26],"for":[27,96],"a":[28,56,103],"consummate":[29],"definition":[30],"LD":[32],"is":[33,38,42,88,105],"unrealistic.":[34],"An":[35],"alternate":[36],"procedure":[37],"outlined:":[39],"The":[40],"focus":[41],"on":[43,101],"description":[44],"essential":[46],"school":[47],"problems":[48,61],"which":[49],"lead":[50],"referral,":[52],"determination":[54],"through":[55],"staffing":[57],"conference":[58],"whether":[59],"require":[62],"special":[63,97],"education":[64,98],"services.":[65],"A":[66],"merger":[67,104],"categories":[70],"learning":[72],"disabilities,":[73],"emotional":[74],"disturbance":[75],"(as":[76],"represented":[77],"behavior":[79],"disorders":[80],"in":[81],"schools),":[83],"educable":[85],"mental":[86],"retardation":[87],"proposed,":[89],"an":[91],"experimental":[92],"state":[93],"reimbursement":[94],"system":[95],"services":[99],"based":[100],"such":[102],"outlined.":[106]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-09-23T05:00:35.095934","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}