{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2102591099","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0008-8749(03)00151-5","title":"The heuristics of biologic theory: the case of self\u2013nonself discrimination","display_name":"The heuristics of biologic theory: the case of self\u2013nonself discrimination","publication_year":2003,"publication_date":"2003-05-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2102591099","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0008-8749(03)00151-5","mag":"2102591099","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12914762"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/s0008-8749(03)00151-5","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0008-8749(03)00151-5","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0008-8749(03)00151-5","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S193466101","display_name":"Cellular Immunology","issn_l":"0008-8749","issn":["0008-8749","1090-2163"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cellular Immunology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010519247","display_name":"Sol Efroni","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7927-6349","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7927-6349"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I53964585","display_name":"Weizmann Institute of Science","ror":"https://ror.org/0316ej306","country_code":"IL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I53964585"]}],"countries":["IL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sol Efroni","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Department of Immunology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel. sol.efroni@weizman.ac.il","The Department of Computer Science and Applied Mathematics, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel","The Department of Immunology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Department of Immunology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel. sol.efroni@weizman.ac.il","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I53964585"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Department of Computer Science and Applied Mathematics, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I53964585"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Department of Immunology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I53964585"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019647534","display_name":"Irun R. Cohen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3906-6993","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3906-6993"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I53964585","display_name":"Weizmann Institute of Science","ror":"https://ror.org/0316ej306","country_code":"IL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I53964585"]}],"countries":["IL"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Irun R. Cohen","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Department of Immunology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Department of Immunology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I53964585"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5019647534"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I53964585"],"apc_list":{"value":3550,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3550},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":14.8462,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":17,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.986188,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"223","issue":"1","first_page":"87","last_page":"89"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10778","display_name":"Philosophy and History of Science","score":0.5746999979019165,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1207","display_name":"History and Philosophy of Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10778","display_name":"Philosophy and History of Science","score":0.5746999979019165,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1207","display_name":"History and Philosophy of Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10031","display_name":"T-cell and B-cell Immunology","score":0.33149999380111694,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2403","display_name":"Immunology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/24","display_name":"Immunology and Microbiology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12391","display_name":"Artificial Immune Systems Applications","score":0.044199999421834946,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/self-nonself-discrimination","display_name":"self/non-self discrimination","score":0.9919999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/minimal-models","display_name":"minimal models","score":0.7350000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heuristics","display_name":"heuristics","score":0.6610000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/immunology-theory","display_name":"immunology theory","score":0.5659999847412109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/experimental-design","display_name":"experimental design","score":0.3409999907016754}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127705205","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5748245","display_name":"Heuristics","level":2,"score":0.8449826240539551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173801870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q201413","display_name":"Heuristic","level":2,"score":0.6743414402008057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.6221571564674377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.5108935236930847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188147891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q147638","display_name":"Cognitive science","level":1,"score":0.3631831407546997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70721500","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177005","display_name":"Computational biology","level":1,"score":0.3250366449356079},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3194221258163452},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.2874790132045746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.21638664603233337},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.13199567794799805},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202444582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837863","display_name":"Pure mathematics","level":1,"score":0.11216193437576294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.09472271800041199}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D017634","descriptor_name":"Self Tolerance","qualifier_ui":"Q000276","qualifier_name":"immunology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D018448","descriptor_name":"Models, Immunological","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/s0008-8749(03)00151-5","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0008-8749(03)00151-5","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0008-8749(03)00151-5","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S193466101","display_name":"Cellular Immunology","issn_l":"0008-8749","issn":["0008-8749","1090-2163"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cellular Immunology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:12914762","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12914762","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cellular immunology","raw_type":"Comment"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":32,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W613350091","https://openalex.org/W1516855283","https://openalex.org/W1530044612","https://openalex.org/W1584629476","https://openalex.org/W1973450978","https://openalex.org/W1985581077","https://openalex.org/W2006136741","https://openalex.org/W2012573039","https://openalex.org/W2012848200","https://openalex.org/W2013945242","https://openalex.org/W2026246271","https://openalex.org/W2038077689","https://openalex.org/W2043947355","https://openalex.org/W2052453488","https://openalex.org/W2056603123","https://openalex.org/W2059793549","https://openalex.org/W2076819781","https://openalex.org/W2079557695","https://openalex.org/W2095586611","https://openalex.org/W2102640264","https://openalex.org/W2105028011","https://openalex.org/W2106860822","https://openalex.org/W2111457140","https://openalex.org/W2113883987","https://openalex.org/W2159821979","https://openalex.org/W2170151170","https://openalex.org/W2752410476","https://openalex.org/W2912415617","https://openalex.org/W2992158480","https://openalex.org/W3157657871","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W4300105927"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1970979504","https://openalex.org/W2085578027","https://openalex.org/W2028004171","https://openalex.org/W2063053701","https://openalex.org/W4404327209","https://openalex.org/W2316776123","https://openalex.org/W2319370839","https://openalex.org/W1986997378","https://openalex.org/W2068376711","https://openalex.org/W2111392794"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}