{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2102380228","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpwrs.1987.4335130","title":"Dynamic Programming Approach to Unit Commitment","display_name":"Dynamic Programming Approach to Unit Commitment","publication_year":1987,"publication_date":"1987-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2102380228","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpwrs.1987.4335130","mag":"2102380228"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tpwrs.1987.4335130","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpwrs.1987.4335130","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpwrs.1987.4335130","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S201921491","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Power Systems","issn_l":"0885-8950","issn":["0885-8950","1558-0679"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","jufo-2","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Power Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070283533","display_name":"Walter L. Snyder","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I256760539","display_name":"Natural Resources Wales","ror":"https://ror.org/04x65hs26","country_code":"GB","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I256760539"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210097429","display_name":"Leeds Cares","ror":"https://ror.org/00t6gsr31","country_code":"GB","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097429"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Walter L. Snyder","raw_affiliation_strings":["Leeds and Northrup Company, North Wales, PA, USA","Leeds & Northrup Company North Wales, PA 19454"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Leeds and Northrup Company, North Wales, PA, USA","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Leeds & Northrup Company North Wales, PA 19454","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I256760539","https://openalex.org/I4210097429"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075074330","display_name":"H. David Powell","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"H. David Powell","raw_affiliation_strings":["San Diego Gas and Electric Company, San Diego, CA, USA","San Diego Gas & Electric Company P. O. Box 1831, San Diego, CA 92112"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"San Diego Gas and Electric Company, San Diego, CA, USA","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"San Diego Gas & Electric Company P. O. Box 1831, San Diego, CA 92112","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081139189","display_name":"John C. Rayburn","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"John C. Rayburn","raw_affiliation_strings":["San Diego Gas and Electric Company, San Diego, CA, USA","San Diego Gas & Electric Company P. O. Box 1831, San Diego, CA 92112"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"San Diego Gas and Electric Company, San Diego, CA, USA","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"San Diego Gas & Electric Company P. O. Box 1831, San Diego, CA 92112","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":2645,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2645},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.0126,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":464,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.83521587,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"2","issue":"2","first_page":"339","last_page":"348"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10424","display_name":"Electric Power System Optimization","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10424","display_name":"Electric Power System Optimization","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11941","display_name":"Power System Reliability and Maintenance","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2213","display_name":"Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11185","display_name":"Integrated Energy Systems Optimization","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/unit-commitment","display_name":"unit commitment","score":0.9950000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dynamic-programming","display_name":"dynamic programming","score":0.9789999723434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heuristic-search","display_name":"heuristic search","score":0.5870000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fuel-allocation","display_name":"fuel allocation","score":0.8040000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computational-efficiency","display_name":"computational efficiency","score":0.6690000295639038}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116219307","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7236625","display_name":"Power system simulation","level":4,"score":0.7431358098983765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37404715","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380679","display_name":"Dynamic programming","level":2,"score":0.7139135599136353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6238391399383545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.610097348690033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173801870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q201413","display_name":"Heuristic","level":2,"score":0.591458261013031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75553542","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178161","display_name":"A priori and a posteriori","level":2,"score":0.5649235248565674},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C122637931","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118084","display_name":"Unit (ring theory)","level":2,"score":0.5291643142700195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.5257202982902527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777735758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q817765","display_name":"Path (computing)","level":2,"score":0.4533287286758423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187633118","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1317949","display_name":"Economic dispatch","level":4,"score":0.41586458683013916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89227174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2388981","display_name":"Electric power system","level":3,"score":0.34161919355392456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.2645474076271057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.15544694662094116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.15376785397529602},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202444582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837863","display_name":"Pure mathematics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145420912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853077","display_name":"Mathematics education","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tpwrs.1987.4335130","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpwrs.1987.4335130","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpwrs.1987.4335130","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S201921491","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Power Systems","issn_l":"0885-8950","issn":["0885-8950","1558-0679"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","jufo-2","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Power Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.75,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":2,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2016349458","https://openalex.org/W2025020666"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2155198361","https://openalex.org/W2145837523","https://openalex.org/W2133513010","https://openalex.org/W2127691120","https://openalex.org/W2355398051","https://openalex.org/W4385452082","https://openalex.org/W2008468023","https://openalex.org/W1997233783","https://openalex.org/W4403015608","https://openalex.org/W4249123521"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0],"field-proven":[1],"dynamic":[2],"programming":[3],"formulation":[4,101],"of":[5,17,29,108,114],"the":[6,15,27,38,80,105],"unit":[7,30,100],"commitment":[8],"problem":[9],"is":[10,102],"presented.":[11],"This":[12],"approach":[13],"features":[14],"classification":[16],"generating":[18,54,99],"units":[19,55],"into":[20],"related":[21],"groups":[22],"so":[23],"as":[24],"to":[25,79,111],"minimize":[26],"number":[28],"combinations":[31],"which":[32,45,51],"must":[33,56],"be":[34,57,63],"tested":[35],"without":[36],"precluding":[37],"optimal":[39],"path.":[40],"Programming":[41],"techniques":[42],"are":[43,49,72,88],"described":[44,68,103],"maximize":[46],"efficiency.":[47],"Considerations":[48],"discussed":[50],"determine":[52],"when":[53,60],"evaluated":[58],"and":[59],"they":[61],"may":[62],"ignored.":[64],"The":[65],"heuristic":[66],"procedures":[67],"in":[69],"this":[70],"paper":[71],"concerned":[73],"with":[74],"supplying":[75],"all":[76],"apriori":[77],"information":[78],"program":[81],"thereby":[82],"minimizing":[83],"its":[84],"execution":[85],"time.":[86],"Results":[87],"presented":[89],"from":[90],"field":[91],"testing":[92],"on":[93],"a":[94,112],"medium":[95],"size":[96],"utility.":[97],"Composite":[98],"for":[104],"economic":[106],"allocation":[107],"constrained":[109],"fuel":[110],"group":[113],"units.":[115]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":25},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":24},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":25},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":29},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":28},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":30}],"updated_date":"2026-11-12T12:28:57.059296","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}