{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2102054256","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/958929.958931","title":"Six models for the social accountability of computing","display_name":"Six models for the social accountability of computing","publication_year":1978,"publication_date":"1978-12-31","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2102054256","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/958929.958931","mag":"2102054256"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/958929.958931","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/958929.958931","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/958929.958931","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/958929.958931","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210183329","display_name":"ACM SIGCAS Computers and Society","issn_l":"0095-2737","issn":["0095-2737","2167-3055"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM SIGCAS Computers and Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/958929.958931","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113502544","display_name":"Rob Kling","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204250578","display_name":"University of California, Irvine","ror":"https://ror.org/04gyf1771","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204250578"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Rob Kling","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California, Irvine CA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California, Irvine CA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204250578"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5113502544"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204250578"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":37.053,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":11,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99561302,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":"2","first_page":"8","last_page":"18"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13364","display_name":"Digitalization, Law, and Regulation","score":0.3734999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13364","display_name":"Digitalization, Law, and Regulation","score":0.3734999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.24779999256134033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12185","display_name":"Regulation and Compliance Studies","score":0.13269999623298645,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1408","display_name":"Strategy and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/public-policy","display_name":"public policy","score":0.671999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/market-arrangements","display_name":"market arrangements","score":0.5799999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/administrative-authority","display_name":"administrative power","score":0.9449999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/professional-control","display_name":"professional control","score":0.9800000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/regulatory-commissions","display_name":"regulatory commissions","score":0.9950000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/judicial-enforcement","display_name":"judicial enforcement","score":0.9089999794960022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/civic-action","display_name":"civic action","score":0.8650000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/liberal-democracy","display_name":"liberal democracy","score":0.6370000243186951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/policy-instruments","display_name":"policy instruments","score":0.5830000042915344}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776007630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2798912","display_name":"Accountability","level":2,"score":0.8445559740066528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83009810","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11204","display_name":"Legislature","level":2,"score":0.7714794874191284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779777834","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4202277","display_name":"Enforcement","level":2,"score":0.7178341150283813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136197465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1729295","display_name":"Variety (cybernetics)","level":2,"score":0.6530085206031799},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.5630807280540466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3116431","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31728","display_name":"Public administration","level":1,"score":0.523644208908081},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39549134","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133080","display_name":"Public relations","level":1,"score":0.48109763860702515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.4767126441001892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150577722","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2990825","display_name":"Social accounting","level":3,"score":0.47415322065353394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.3840179741382599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.37651991844177246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.2622799575328827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121955636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4116214","display_name":"Accounting","level":1,"score":0.24868935346603394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.12679558992385864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.10521292686462402},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163867264","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4672792","display_name":"Accounting information system","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/958929.958931","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/958929.958931","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/958929.958931","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/958929.958931","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210183329","display_name":"ACM SIGCAS Computers and Society","issn_l":"0095-2737","issn":["0095-2737","2167-3055"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM SIGCAS Computers and Society","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/958929.958931","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/958929.958931","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/958929.958931","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/958929.958931","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210183329","display_name":"ACM SIGCAS Computers and Society","issn_l":"0095-2737","issn":["0095-2737","2167-3055"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM SIGCAS Computers and Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","score":0.9595999717712402}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","score":0.800000011920929}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2102054256.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2102054256.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":29,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W72354734","https://openalex.org/W224137922","https://openalex.org/W1491096014","https://openalex.org/W1554179931","https://openalex.org/W1566145975","https://openalex.org/W1986002531","https://openalex.org/W2000789431","https://openalex.org/W2001233356","https://openalex.org/W2013601309","https://openalex.org/W2014065102","https://openalex.org/W2034967522","https://openalex.org/W2036910311","https://openalex.org/W2058107732","https://openalex.org/W2059613307","https://openalex.org/W2073957514","https://openalex.org/W2082402591","https://openalex.org/W2087158745","https://openalex.org/W2126716572","https://openalex.org/W2144125586","https://openalex.org/W2313741805","https://openalex.org/W2332111503","https://openalex.org/W2612334788","https://openalex.org/W2797634632","https://openalex.org/W4239701180","https://openalex.org/W4244027398","https://openalex.org/W4256743066","https://openalex.org/W4299491872","https://openalex.org/W4301738614","https://openalex.org/W7082488244"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2029345678","https://openalex.org/W2070208558","https://openalex.org/W7096087093","https://openalex.org/W125574937","https://openalex.org/W4205346920","https://openalex.org/W7095891205","https://openalex.org/W6990038579","https://openalex.org/W2995382404","https://openalex.org/W1955353381","https://openalex.org/W2586986497"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1],"briefly":[2],"examines":[3],"six":[4,45],"public":[5,40],"policy":[6,92],"strategies":[7],"for":[8,114,145],"including":[9],"the":[10,38,89],"\"social":[11],"accountability":[12],"of":[13,19,68,91,110],"computing\".":[14],"\"Social":[15],"accountability\"":[16],"denotes":[17],"ways":[18],"organizing":[20],"computer":[21],"specialists,":[22],"organized":[23],"groups":[24],"that":[25,37],"develop,":[26],"manufacture,":[27],"sell":[28],"or":[29,142],"use":[30],"computer-based":[31,81],"systems,":[32],"and":[33,66,105],"their":[34,112],"markets,":[35],"so":[36],"broader":[39],"is":[41,73,116,131],"well":[42],"served.":[43],"The":[44],"models":[46,100],"which":[47,80],"are":[48,83],"examined":[49,106],"here":[50],"include:1.":[51],"Market":[52],"arrangements2.":[53],"Administrative":[54],"authority3.":[55],"Professional":[56],"control4.":[57],"Regulatory":[58],"commissions":[59],"to":[60,75,133],"administer":[61],"legislative":[62,69],"acts5.":[63],"Judical":[64],"enforcement":[65],"review":[67],"acts6.":[70],"Citizen":[71],"actionEach":[72],"applicable":[74],"a":[76,108],"different":[77],"context":[78],"in":[79,95,107,123,137],"services":[82],"provided.":[84],"And":[85],"collectively,":[86],"they":[87],"span":[88],"set":[90],"instruments":[93],"available":[94],"liberal":[96],"democracies.":[97],"While":[98],"these":[99],"have":[101,134],"been":[102],"extensively":[103],"developed":[104],"variety":[109],"settings,":[111],"appropriateness":[113,144],"computing":[115],"usually":[117],"tacitly":[118],"assumed,":[119],"rather":[120],"than":[121],"grounded":[122],"careful":[124],"analyses.":[125],"Upon":[126],"close":[127],"inspection,":[128],"each":[129],"model":[130],"found":[132],"severe":[135],"problems":[136],"either":[138],"its":[139,143],"practical":[140],"effectiveness":[141],"computing.":[146]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-09-05T08:02:43.246662","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
