{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2102020270","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.1999.1580446","title":"Specialists, Generalists, and Polymorphs: Spatial Advantages of Multiunit Organization in a Single Industry","display_name":"Specialists, Generalists, and Polymorphs: Spatial Advantages of Multiunit Organization in a Single Industry","publication_year":1999,"publication_date":"1999-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2102020270","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.1999.1580446","mag":"2102020270"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.5465/amr.1999.1580446","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.1999.1580446","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.1999.1580446","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S46763546","display_name":"Academy of Management Review","issn_l":"0363-7425","issn":["0363-7425","1930-3807"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","fnege-1-star","ft50","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","utd24","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316266","host_organization_name":"Academy of Management","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316266"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Academy of Management"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Academy of Management Review","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"John M. Usher","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130438778","display_name":"Memorial University of Newfoundland","ror":"https://ror.org/04haebc03","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130438778"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"John M. Usher","raw_affiliation_strings":["#N# 1Memorial University of Newfoundland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"#N# 1Memorial University of Newfoundland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130438778"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130438778"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.699,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":34,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93117718,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":87,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"24","issue":"1","first_page":"143","last_page":"143"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10003","display_name":"Innovation and Knowledge Management","score":0.5264000296592712,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1408","display_name":"Strategy and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10003","display_name":"Innovation and Knowledge Management","score":0.5264000296592712,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1408","display_name":"Strategy and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10344","display_name":"Management and Organizational Studies","score":0.22660000622272491,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1407","display_name":"Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13963","display_name":"Organizational Management and Leadership","score":0.08919999748468399,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1405","display_name":"Management of Technology and Innovation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/polymorphism","display_name":"polymorphism","score":0.6890000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spatial-variability","display_name":"spatial variability","score":0.6690000295639038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/organizational-environment","display_name":"organizational context","score":0.8270000219345093}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45371612","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3058587","display_name":"Generalist and specialist species","level":3,"score":0.6722449064254761},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175779824","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7574078","display_name":"Spatial organization","level":2,"score":0.43026143312454224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.41637319326400757},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.4111071825027466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56739046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192060","display_name":"Knowledge management","level":1,"score":0.389676034450531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1411783","display_name":"Industrial organization","level":1,"score":0.3374623656272888},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.2956853210926056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.15432208776474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78458016","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840400","display_name":"Evolutionary biology","level":1,"score":0.1071644127368927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.10580825805664062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.09247234463691711},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185933670","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52105","display_name":"Habitat","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.5465/amr.1999.1580446","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.1999.1580446","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.1999.1580446","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S46763546","display_name":"Academy of Management Review","issn_l":"0363-7425","issn":["0363-7425","1930-3807"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","fnege-1-star","ft50","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","utd24","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316266","host_organization_name":"Academy of Management","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316266"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Academy of Management"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Academy of Management Review","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"doi:10.2307/259042","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/259042","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2307/259042","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S46763546","display_name":"Academy of Management Review","issn_l":"0363-7425","issn":["0363-7425","1930-3807"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","fnege-1-star","ft50","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","utd24","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316266","host_organization_name":"Academy of Management","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316266"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Academy of Management"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Academy of Management Review","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":30,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W586174689","https://openalex.org/W1561689556","https://openalex.org/W1566503693","https://openalex.org/W1964837019","https://openalex.org/W1966222423","https://openalex.org/W1988605238","https://openalex.org/W1997519755","https://openalex.org/W1998691772","https://openalex.org/W2001685157","https://openalex.org/W2007383086","https://openalex.org/W2008155564","https://openalex.org/W2010601093","https://openalex.org/W2010977138","https://openalex.org/W2026109552","https://openalex.org/W2041254829","https://openalex.org/W2093832331","https://openalex.org/W2097139268","https://openalex.org/W2109184526","https://openalex.org/W2143233036","https://openalex.org/W2267039126","https://openalex.org/W2315123059","https://openalex.org/W2323150166","https://openalex.org/W2327161309","https://openalex.org/W2329279760","https://openalex.org/W2502451084","https://openalex.org/W2797400701","https://openalex.org/W3125349408","https://openalex.org/W4249125297","https://openalex.org/W4388150634","https://openalex.org/W4403299549"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2071360543","https://openalex.org/W1980816691","https://openalex.org/W2552877139","https://openalex.org/W1830192508","https://openalex.org/W1739399002","https://openalex.org/W2134294268","https://openalex.org/W2971405230","https://openalex.org/W2335661646","https://openalex.org/W2143849718","https://openalex.org/W3164928091"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"I":[0,56],"critique":[1],"and":[2,41,47,74,77],"extend":[3],"niche":[4],"width":[5],"theory":[6],"to":[7,36,50,53],"provide":[8],"an":[9],"explanatory":[10],"framework":[11],"for":[12,68],"the":[13,31,45,54,64,69],"success":[14,70],"of":[15,34,44,60,71],"multiunit":[16,42],"firms":[17],"in":[18,27],"single":[19],"industries.":[20],"A":[21],"greater":[22],"emphasis":[23],"on":[24],"spatial":[25],"variation":[26],"organizational":[28],"environments":[29],"allows":[30],"fitness":[32],"strategy":[33,73],"polymorphism":[35],"be":[37,51],"developed":[38],"more":[39],"adequately":[40],"expressions":[43],"specialist":[46],"generalist":[48],"strategies":[49],"added":[52],"theory.":[55],"develop":[57],"a":[58],"set":[59],"testable":[61],"propositions":[62],"regarding":[63],"specific":[65],"environmental":[66],"conditions":[67],"each":[72],"consider":[75],"research":[76],"managerial":[78],"implications.":[79]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-08T12:12:28.789561","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
