{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2101700211","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-chembioeng-061312-103312","title":"Metabolic Engineering: Past and Future","display_name":"Metabolic Engineering: Past and Future","publication_year":2013,"publication_date":"2013-03-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2101700211","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-chembioeng-061312-103312","mag":"2101700211","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23540289"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1146/annurev-chembioeng-061312-103312","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-chembioeng-061312-103312","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-chembioeng-061312-103312","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S161759566","display_name":"Annual Review of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering","issn_l":"1947-5438","issn":["1947-5438","1947-5446"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-b","jufo-1","medline","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320373","host_organization_name":"Annual Reviews","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320373"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Annual Reviews"],"type":"journal"},"license":"public-domain","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/public-domain","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Annual Review of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"review","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083818064","display_name":"Benjamin M. Woolston","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6570-2236","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6570-2236"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","display_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/042nb2s44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Benjamin M. Woolston","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139;, ,","Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA. woolston@mit.edu"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139;, ,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA. woolston@mit.edu","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055070539","display_name":"Steven Edgar","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","display_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/042nb2s44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Steven Edgar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139;, ,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139;, ,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009763658","display_name":"Gregory N Stephanopoulos","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6909-4568","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6909-4568"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","display_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/042nb2s44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gregory Stephanopoulos","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139;, ,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139;, ,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5055070539","https://openalex.org/A5083818064"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.8498,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":292,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93992507,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"4","issue":"1","first_page":"259","last_page":"288"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10932","display_name":"Microbial Metabolic Engineering and Bioproduction","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10932","display_name":"Microbial Metabolic Engineering and Bioproduction","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10621","display_name":"Gene Regulatory Network Analysis","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14150","display_name":"Biochemical and biochemical processes","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1305","display_name":"Biotechnology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metabolic-engineering","display_name":"metabolic engineering","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metabolic-flux-analysis","display_name":"metabolic flux analysis","score":0.9929999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metabolic-control-analysis","display_name":"metabolic control analysis","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rational-design","display_name":"rational design","score":0.7519999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/combinatorial-designs","display_name":"combinatorial designs","score":0.8809999823570251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/microbial-production","display_name":"microbial production","score":0.5979999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bioprocess-optimization","display_name":"bioprocess optimization","score":0.5569999814033508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/emerging-technologies","display_name":"emerging technologies","score":0.5429999828338623}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6350086","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6822347","display_name":"Metabolic engineering","level":3,"score":0.664496898651123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160941953","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6822342","display_name":"Metabolic flux analysis","level":3,"score":0.5450286865234375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.49812889099121094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.44690248370170593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.41645729541778564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C183696295","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2487696","display_name":"Biochemical engineering","level":1,"score":0.3846854865550995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.353515625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C539667460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2414942","display_name":"Management science","level":1,"score":0.3435608744621277},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.19801613688468933},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.11128652095794678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C181199279","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8047","display_name":"Enzyme","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134018914","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162606","display_name":"Endocrinology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202444582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837863","display_name":"Pure mathematics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62231903","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1057","display_name":"Metabolism","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D049673","descriptor_name":"History, 20th Century","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D049674","descriptor_name":"History, 21st Century","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D055442","descriptor_name":"Metabolome","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D060847","descriptor_name":"Metabolic Engineering","qualifier_ui":"Q000266","qualifier_name":"history","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D060847","descriptor_name":"Metabolic Engineering","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D060847","descriptor_name":"Metabolic Engineering","qualifier_ui":"Q000639","qualifier_name":"trends","is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1146/annurev-chembioeng-061312-103312","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-chembioeng-061312-103312","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-chembioeng-061312-103312","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S161759566","display_name":"Annual Review of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering","issn_l":"1947-5438","issn":["1947-5438","1947-5446"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-b","jufo-1","medline","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320373","host_organization_name":"Annual Reviews","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320373"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Annual Reviews"],"type":"journal"},"license":"public-domain","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/public-domain","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Annual Review of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:23540289","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23540289","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Annual review of chemical and biomolecular engineering","raw_type":"Historical Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":177,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W14691291","https://openalex.org/W178872016","https://openalex.org/W277046200","https://openalex.org/W582103726","https://openalex.org/W1502235133","https://openalex.org/W1515081138","https://openalex.org/W1536226251","https://openalex.org/W1574470162","https://openalex.org/W1579030151","https://openalex.org/W1584375372","https://openalex.org/W1590308370","https://openalex.org/W1606784130","https://openalex.org/W1615413355","https://openalex.org/W1642162696","https://openalex.org/W1645305843","https://openalex.org/W1815787745","https://openalex.org/W1861998278","https://openalex.org/W1964232618","https://openalex.org/W1964537087","https://openalex.org/W1964974356","https://openalex.org/W1969679057","https://openalex.org/W1970513834","https://openalex.org/W1970762019","https://openalex.org/W1972737942","https://openalex.org/W1972914553","https://openalex.org/W1972990890","https://openalex.org/W1973494721","https://openalex.org/W1976668480","https://openalex.org/W1977799009","https://openalex.org/W1979242519","https://openalex.org/W1979335383","https://openalex.org/W1981717477","https://openalex.org/W1983374959","https://openalex.org/W1984096521","https://openalex.org/W1984218456","https://openalex.org/W1987696643","https://openalex.org/W1989488173","https://openalex.org/W1990532591","https://openalex.org/W1992170087","https://openalex.org/W1995873602","https://openalex.org/W1995924881","https://openalex.org/W1996529795","https://openalex.org/W1997874823","https://openalex.org/W1999081438","https://openalex.org/W1999718832","https://openalex.org/W2002227368","https://openalex.org/W2002560900","https://openalex.org/W2005063728","https://openalex.org/W2007813186","https://openalex.org/W2008016941","https://openalex.org/W2012259041","https://openalex.org/W2014138939","https://openalex.org/W2014323212","https://openalex.org/W2014718437","https://openalex.org/W2018668159","https://openalex.org/W2020234112","https://openalex.org/W2023617120","https://openalex.org/W2023764523","https://openalex.org/W2024172008","https://openalex.org/W2026089579","https://openalex.org/W2026850911","https://openalex.org/W2027282275","https://openalex.org/W2027576577","https://openalex.org/W2028232771","https://openalex.org/W2030258639","https://openalex.org/W2030555543","https://openalex.org/W2032641946","https://openalex.org/W2033969841","https://openalex.org/W2034645234","https://openalex.org/W2035600188","https://openalex.org/W2036447433","https://openalex.org/W2042638652","https://openalex.org/W2046624199","https://openalex.org/W2049167322","https://openalex.org/W2050461585","https://openalex.org/W2056305771","https://openalex.org/W2056924389","https://openalex.org/W2058927469","https://openalex.org/W2058991361","https://openalex.org/W2059617446","https://openalex.org/W2061459002","https://openalex.org/W2063354556","https://openalex.org/W2065163714","https://openalex.org/W2065592668","https://openalex.org/W2066381187","https://openalex.org/W2066957384","https://openalex.org/W2068951440","https://openalex.org/W2070268621","https://openalex.org/W2070534023","https://openalex.org/W2072042166","https://openalex.org/W2072280409","https://openalex.org/W2073265884","https://openalex.org/W2074737103","https://openalex.org/W2075051217","https://openalex.org/W2078775934","https://openalex.org/W2079173537","https://openalex.org/W2079347688","https://openalex.org/W2079531107","https://openalex.org/W2079574042","https://openalex.org/W2080537888","https://openalex.org/W2081759258","https://openalex.org/W2082260955","https://openalex.org/W2082741569","https://openalex.org/W2083011190","https://openalex.org/W2083527495","https://openalex.org/W2085358585","https://openalex.org/W2089995257","https://openalex.org/W2090770676","https://openalex.org/W2093272420","https://openalex.org/W2094064256","https://openalex.org/W2094262910","https://openalex.org/W2098390695","https://openalex.org/W2098824895","https://openalex.org/W2099021587","https://openalex.org/W2099047627","https://openalex.org/W2101415046","https://openalex.org/W2102363627","https://openalex.org/W2102424174","https://openalex.org/W2103099155","https://openalex.org/W2104108767","https://openalex.org/W2104619491","https://openalex.org/W2105384650","https://openalex.org/W2107792766","https://openalex.org/W2108590631","https://openalex.org/W2109918485","https://openalex.org/W2111421616","https://openalex.org/W2111452176","https://openalex.org/W2115741455","https://openalex.org/W2116137883","https://openalex.org/W2117747794","https://openalex.org/W2119256549","https://openalex.org/W2120031158","https://openalex.org/W2123378400","https://openalex.org/W2123698848","https://openalex.org/W2123794239","https://openalex.org/W2125883364","https://openalex.org/W2126175129","https://openalex.org/W2129576083","https://openalex.org/W2130364940","https://openalex.org/W2131350482","https://openalex.org/W2131921511","https://openalex.org/W2132828256","https://openalex.org/W2133556195","https://openalex.org/W2134759932","https://openalex.org/W2135476401","https://openalex.org/W2136536485","https://openalex.org/W2138008656","https://openalex.org/W2138580149","https://openalex.org/W2146372898","https://openalex.org/W2147516046","https://openalex.org/W2147913192","https://openalex.org/W2149202606","https://openalex.org/W2152778815","https://openalex.org/W2153366067","https://openalex.org/W2153504900","https://openalex.org/W2157922642","https://openalex.org/W2158849520","https://openalex.org/W2159026197","https://openalex.org/W2159665775","https://openalex.org/W2160079005","https://openalex.org/W2161776975","https://openalex.org/W2162621033","https://openalex.org/W2164098890","https://openalex.org/W2165612309","https://openalex.org/W2165699943","https://openalex.org/W2165762336","https://openalex.org/W2169989540","https://openalex.org/W2170427655","https://openalex.org/W2291673926","https://openalex.org/W2339493109","https://openalex.org/W2416388043","https://openalex.org/W2480349439","https://openalex.org/W2502620487","https://openalex.org/W4240798610","https://openalex.org/W4246939468","https://openalex.org/W4256685593","https://openalex.org/W7073557482"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2521105713","https://openalex.org/W2494698845","https://openalex.org/W2766138411","https://openalex.org/W4246619150","https://openalex.org/W3164371965","https://openalex.org/W4250137140","https://openalex.org/W1574470162","https://openalex.org/W2036447433","https://openalex.org/W2087084785","https://openalex.org/W7100055093"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0],"present":[1,86],"here":[2],"a":[3],"broad":[4],"overview":[5],"of":[6,9,47,51,71,88,104,115],"the":[7,14,17,29,35,44,48,76,82,89,101,105,113],"field":[8],"metabolic":[10,55,58,78],"engineering,":[11],"describing":[12],"in":[13,100],"first":[15],"section":[16],"key":[18],"fundamental":[19],"principles":[20],"that":[21,40,93],"define":[22],"and":[23,31,61,63],"distinguish":[24],"it,":[25],"as":[26,28,54],"well":[27],"technological":[30],"intellectual":[32],"developments":[33],"over":[34],"past":[36],"approximately":[37],"20":[38],"years":[39],"have":[41],"led":[42],"to":[43,111],"current":[45],"state":[46],"art.":[49],"Discussion":[50],"concepts":[52],"such":[53],"flux":[56],"analysis,":[57,60],"control":[59],"rational":[62],"combinatorial":[64],"methods":[65],"is":[66],"facilitated":[67],"by":[68],"illustrative":[69],"examples":[70],"their":[72],"application":[73],"drawn":[74],"from":[75,107],"extensive":[77],"engineering":[79],"literature.":[80],"In":[81],"second":[83],"section,":[84],"we":[85,94],"some":[87],"rapidly":[90],"emerging":[91],"technologies":[92],"think":[95],"will":[96],"play":[97],"pivotal":[98],"roles":[99],"continued":[102],"growth":[103],"field,":[106],"improving":[108],"production":[109],"metrics":[110],"expanding":[112],"range":[114],"attainable":[116],"compounds.":[117]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":23},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":23},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":25},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":26},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":32},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":26},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":37},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":31},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":22},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}