{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2099980109","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167292182001","title":"Moderator Variables in Personality Research: The Problem of Controlling for Plausible Alternatives","display_name":"Moderator Variables in Personality Research: The Problem of Controlling for Plausible Alternatives","publication_year":1992,"publication_date":"1992-04-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2099980109","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167292182001","mag":"2099980109"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1177/0146167292182001","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167292182001","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167292182001","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S187348256","display_name":"Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin","issn_l":"0146-1672","issn":["0146-1672","1552-7433"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","cwts-core","dongbi-b","erih-plus","jufo-3","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020915988","display_name":"Jay G. Hull","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I107672454","display_name":"Dartmouth College","ror":"https://ror.org/049s0rh22","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I107672454"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jay G. Hull","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dartmouth College","[Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, US]"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dartmouth College","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107672454"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, US]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107672454"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038580631","display_name":"Judith C. Tedlie","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I107672454","display_name":"Dartmouth College","ror":"https://ror.org/049s0rh22","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I107672454"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Judith C. Tedlie","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dartmouth College"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dartmouth College","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107672454"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052859194","display_name":"Daniel A. Lehn","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I107672454","display_name":"Dartmouth College","ror":"https://ror.org/049s0rh22","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I107672454"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daniel A. Lehn","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dartmouth College"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dartmouth College","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107672454"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107672454"],"apc_list":{"value":3900,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3900},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.0305,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":81,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.78632196,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"18","issue":"2","first_page":"115","last_page":"117"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11040","display_name":"Personality Traits and Psychology","score":0.3765000104904175,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3203","display_name":"Clinical Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11040","display_name":"Personality Traits and Psychology","score":0.3765000104904175,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3203","display_name":"Clinical Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10467","display_name":"Psychometric Methodologies and Testing","score":0.3359000086784363,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12848","display_name":"Psychological Testing and Assessment","score":0.031199999153614044,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3202","display_name":"Applied Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/moderating-variables","display_name":"moderators","score":0.9580000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/confounding","display_name":"confounding","score":0.5220000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/covariate-control","display_name":"covariate control","score":0.6890000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/covariate-interactions","display_name":"covariate interactions","score":0.7860000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/analysis-of-covariance","display_name":"covariance analysis","score":0.7390000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multiple-linear-regression","display_name":"multiple linear regression","score":0.9350000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/third-variable","display_name":"third variable","score":0.46399998664855957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/personality-research","display_name":"personality research","score":0.4320000112056732}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93225998","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1941972","display_name":"Moderation","level":2,"score":0.9052101373672485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119043178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q320723","display_name":"Covariate","level":2,"score":0.8398942947387695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.7235183715820312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187288502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q641118","display_name":"Personality","level":2,"score":0.6649407148361206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119340705","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1628597","display_name":"Analysis of covariance","level":2,"score":0.56658536195755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182365436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q50701","display_name":"Variable (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.49993419647216797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.4982473850250244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780801425","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5164392","display_name":"Construct (python library)","level":2,"score":0.4973583519458771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149782125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039","display_name":"Econometrics","level":1,"score":0.4831382930278778},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98184364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1780131","display_name":"Argument (complex analysis)","level":2,"score":0.4476260542869568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178650346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q201984","display_name":"Covariance","level":2,"score":0.42430272698402405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.30176520347595215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.18429547548294067},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.1781603991985321},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1177/0146167292182001","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167292182001","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167292182001","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S187348256","display_name":"Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin","issn_l":"0146-1672","issn":["0146-1672","1552-7433"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","cwts-core","dongbi-b","erih-plus","jufo-3","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":21,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W32892794","https://openalex.org/W630334931","https://openalex.org/W1483679835","https://openalex.org/W1966092889","https://openalex.org/W1971440513","https://openalex.org/W1986098773","https://openalex.org/W2013267907","https://openalex.org/W2015919340","https://openalex.org/W2040037339","https://openalex.org/W2056335788","https://openalex.org/W2059334100","https://openalex.org/W2065511087","https://openalex.org/W2079576494","https://openalex.org/W2085067988","https://openalex.org/W2089518308","https://openalex.org/W2123682670","https://openalex.org/W2151133301","https://openalex.org/W2165155944","https://openalex.org/W2576804375","https://openalex.org/W2890385461","https://openalex.org/W4298091299"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2113041397","https://openalex.org/W2072269752","https://openalex.org/W1971440513","https://openalex.org/W1986098773","https://openalex.org/W2016727237","https://openalex.org/W1969470176","https://openalex.org/W2513268910","https://openalex.org/W2067907182","https://openalex.org/W4392109935","https://openalex.org/W188771511"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Alternative":[0],"variable":[1,22],"problems":[2],"are":[3,31],"common":[4],"in":[5,95],"personality":[6,21],"research.":[7],"Given":[8],"a":[9,19,26,91,107],"restriction":[10],"to":[11,25,33,60,70,83],"correlational":[12],"designs,":[13],"it":[14],"is":[15,23],"always":[16],"possible":[17],"that":[18,46],"particular":[20,27],"related":[24,32],"behavior":[28],"because":[29],"both":[30],"some":[34,80],"third,":[35],"unmeasured":[36],"construct.":[37],"This":[38],"being":[39],"the":[40,48,73,85,97,104,113],"case,":[41],"researchers":[42,89],"often":[43],"use":[44,84],"designs":[45],"involve":[47],"measurement":[49],"of":[50,55,76,99,106,115],"potential":[51],"alternatives":[52],"and":[53,118],"analysis":[54],"covariance":[56],"or":[57],"multiple":[58],"regression":[59],"statistically":[61],"\"control\"":[62],"their":[63],"influence.":[64],"Unfortunately,":[65],"when":[66,94],"using":[67],"these":[68],"techniques":[69],"control":[71],"for":[72],"moderating":[74],"influence":[75],"an":[77,100,120],"alternative":[78,101],"variable,":[79],"rearchers":[81],"appear":[82],"wrong":[86],"covariate.":[87],"These":[88],"enter":[90],"linear":[92],"covariate":[93,108],"fact":[96],"postulation":[98],"moderator":[102],"requires":[103],"entry":[105],"interaction.":[109],"The":[110],"authors":[111],"elaborate":[112],"logic":[114],"this":[116],"argument":[117],"provide":[119],"empirical":[121],"example.":[122]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-14T16:39:01.820549","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}