{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2099869904","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0266462300161124","title":"A COMPARISON OF STANDARD GAMBLE, TIME TRADE-OFF, AND ADJUSTED TIME TRADE-OFF SCORES","display_name":"A COMPARISON OF STANDARD GAMBLE, TIME TRADE-OFF, AND ADJUSTED TIME TRADE-OFF SCORES","publication_year":2000,"publication_date":"2000-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2099869904","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0266462300161124","mag":"2099869904","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10815360"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1017/s0266462300161124","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0266462300161124","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0266462300161124","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S83891556","display_name":"International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care","issn_l":"0266-4623","issn":["0266-4623","1471-6348"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","doyens","fnege-4","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311721","host_organization_name":"Cambridge University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311721","https://openalex.org/P4310311702"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cambridge University Press","University of Cambridge"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024778370","display_name":"Andrew James Martin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5804-2295","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5804-2295"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I129604602","display_name":"The University of Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/0384j8v12","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I129604602"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andrew J. Martin","raw_affiliation_strings":["NHRMC Clinical Trials Centre, University of Sydney"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NHRMC Clinical Trials Centre, University of Sydney","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I129604602"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005751643","display_name":"Paul Glasziou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7564-073X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7564-073X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165143802","display_name":"The University of Queensland","ror":"https://ror.org/00rqy9422","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165143802"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"P. P. Glasziou","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Queensland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Queensland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165143802"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074205350","display_name":"Robert John Simes","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3740-7563","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3740-7563"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I129604602","display_name":"The University of Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/0384j8v12","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I129604602"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"R. J. Simes","raw_affiliation_strings":["NHRMC Clinical Trials Centre, University of Sydney"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NHRMC Clinical Trials Centre, University of Sydney","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I129604602"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027800297","display_name":"Thomas Lumley","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4255-5437","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4255-5437"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I129604602","display_name":"The University of Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/0384j8v12","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I129604602"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"T. Lumley","raw_affiliation_strings":["NHRMC Clinical Trials Centre, University of Sydney"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NHRMC Clinical Trials Centre, University of Sydney","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I129604602"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":3550,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3550},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.9601,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":86,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95465306,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":"1","first_page":"137","last_page":"147"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10804","display_name":"Health Systems, Economic Evaluations, Quality of Life","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10804","display_name":"Health Systems, Economic Evaluations, Quality of Life","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10841","display_name":"Economic and Environmental Valuation","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10315","display_name":"Decision-Making and Behavioral Economics","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1800","display_name":"General Decision Sciences"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/time-trade-off","display_name":"time trade-off","score":0.9049999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/standard-gamble","display_name":"standard gamble","score":0.996999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/health-utility","display_name":"health utility","score":0.7960000038146973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/concave-utility-functions","display_name":"concave utility","score":0.6029999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/certainty-equivalent","display_name":"certainty equivalent","score":0.6710000038146973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quality-adjusted-life-years","display_name":"quality-adjusted life years","score":0.6389999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cardiovascular-disease-patients","display_name":"cardiovascular patients","score":0.6359999775886536}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777491762","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7804833","display_name":"Time-trade-off","level":3,"score":0.8270208835601807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173633133","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2110223","display_name":"Raw score","level":3,"score":0.5644469261169434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C7493553","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1520777","display_name":"Certainty","level":2,"score":0.49553072452545166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149782125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039","display_name":"Econometrics","level":1,"score":0.4896102547645569},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777027219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1284190","display_name":"Constant (computer programming)","level":2,"score":0.48879000544548035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14036430","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3736076","display_name":"Function (biology)","level":2,"score":0.4837803542613983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.46601182222366333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132964779","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2110223","display_name":"Raw data","level":2,"score":0.4160756468772888},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.39465904235839844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.35691124200820923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.3221926689147949},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.14477211236953735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779951463","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7268788","display_name":"Quality of life (healthcare)","level":2,"score":0.09116014838218689},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159110408","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121176","display_name":"Nursing","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78458016","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840400","display_name":"Evolutionary biology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D002318","descriptor_name":"Cardiovascular Diseases","qualifier_ui":"Q000523","qualifier_name":"psychology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008875","descriptor_name":"Middle Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011795","descriptor_name":"Surveys and Questionnaires","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D019057","descriptor_name":"Quality-Adjusted Life Years","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D020000","descriptor_name":"Decision Support Systems, Clinical","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1017/s0266462300161124","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0266462300161124","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0266462300161124","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S83891556","display_name":"International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care","issn_l":"0266-4623","issn":["0266-4623","1471-6348"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","doyens","fnege-4","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311721","host_organization_name":"Cambridge University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311721","https://openalex.org/P4310311702"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cambridge University Press","University of Cambridge"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:10815360","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10815360","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International journal of technology assessment in health care","raw_type":"Comparative Study"},{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.library.georgetown.edu:10822/932264","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://worldcatlibraries.org/registry/gateway?version=1.0&url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal&atitle=A+Comparison+of+Standard+Gamble,+Time+Trade-Off,+and+Adjusted+Time+Trade-Off+Scores&title=International+Journal+of+Technology+Assessment+in+Health+Care+&volume=16&issue=1&spage=137-147&date=2000-01&au=Martin,+Andrew+J.;+Glasziou,+P.+P.;+Simes,+R.+J.;+Lumley+T.","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402467","display_name":"DigitalGeorgetown (Georgetown University Library)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210145449","host_organization_name":"Center for Security and Emerging Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210145449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"eweb:213904","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.8048999905586243,"display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study","display_name":"Observational Study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2155835844","https://openalex.org/W7015987373","https://openalex.org/W2020672080","https://openalex.org/W2130554465","https://openalex.org/W4412572730","https://openalex.org/W2011868615","https://openalex.org/W2178840460","https://openalex.org/W1969916397","https://openalex.org/W3121687069","https://openalex.org/W2497598079"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"OBJECTIVE:":[0],"To":[1],"adjust":[2,160],"patients'":[3,128],"time":[4,16,72,116,132,161],"trade-off":[5,117],"(TTO)":[6],"scores":[7,97,108,118],"using":[8],"information":[9],"on":[10,155],"their":[11,47,58],"utility":[12,24,59,69,126,129],"functions":[13,70,130],"for":[14,61,71,131],"survival":[15,62],"to":[17,26,79,111,141,159],"derive":[18],"a":[19,83],"measure":[20],"of":[21,34,90,123,150],"health":[22,49,124],"state":[23,125],"equivalent":[25,54,110],"the":[27,105,112,151,170],"standard":[28],"gamble":[29],"(SG).":[30],"METHODS:":[31],"A":[32],"sample":[33],"199":[35],"cardiovascular":[36],"patients":[37],"were":[38,73,98,109],"asked":[39],"three":[40,52],"TTO":[41,96,107],"and":[42,51],"SG":[43,102],"questions":[44,55],"(to":[45,56],"assess":[46,57],"own":[48],"state),":[50],"certainty":[53],"function":[60,85],"time)":[63],"in":[64],"an":[65,87],"interview.":[66],"RESULTS:":[67],"Patient's":[68],"increasingly":[74],"concave,":[75],"but":[76,136],"being":[77],"unable":[78],"model":[80],"this":[81],"successfully,":[82],"constant":[84,146],"with":[86],"averaged":[88],"level":[89],"concavity":[91],"was":[92,166],"used.":[93],"The":[94,145],"raw":[95],"significantly":[99],"higher":[100],"than":[101],"scores,":[103],"while":[104],"adjusted":[106,140],"SG.":[113],"CONCLUSIONS:":[114],"Raw":[115],"will":[119],"give":[120],"biased":[121],"estimates":[122],"when":[127],"are":[133],"not":[134,167],"linear,":[135],"these":[137],"can":[138],"be":[139],"yield":[142],"true":[143],"utilities.":[144],"proportional":[147],"risk-posture":[148],"assumption":[149],"conventional":[152],"QALY":[153],"model,":[154],"which":[156],"previous":[157],"attempts":[158],"trade-offs":[162],"have":[163],"been":[164],"based,":[165],"supported":[168],"by":[169],"data.":[171]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}